Frankenstein by Mary Shelly Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Frankenstein by Mary Shelly - Essay Example Mary Shelley was a very young woman when she wrote Frankenstein and her natural love of romance came into play in the relationship between Victor Frankenstein and his adopted sibling, Elizabeth Lavenza. While Victor was reckless and ambitious within his desire to create his "new species" that went beyond just creating a human being, Elizabeth remained a gentle, caring and devoted person. She played the opposite of Frankenstein's compulsion with his "project". It did not appear to be a wildly passionate love affair but one of depth and caring, especially on Elizabeth's part. Frankenstein developed a fascination with science and nature as a young boy which led him to pursue the philosophies of the ancient Greeks up until he reached the age of seventeen when he went away to the university to study science and medicine. An affable youth, he soon found himself consumed by studies of the then modern science techniques and the radical idea that man could create life other than through the natural process of procreation. An absurd idea then and today that a human life could be returned from death but it was Frankenstein's obsession. The novel leaves the reader with the feeling that Shelley herself did have that much faith in the modern science of the time. Through her main character's preoccupation that he could improve upon science with undisputable expertise, it could be viewed that the author herself felt that were too many limitations at the time period for medical advancement. Victor Frankenstein believed that he had expanded his knowledge beyond that of his professors and broke into a totally new unknown territory as is suggested in the following quote. "It was a mystery; yet with how many things are we upon the brink of becoming acquainted, if cowardice or carelessness did not restrain our enquiries." (Shelley 41) Mary Shelley displayed her thoughts upon science in the way that she developed the character of the monster, as he is, himself, an anomaly, a freakish creation of a human structure, and not one of natural science. The creature is still a human being that finds himself an outcast, shunned from the natural human need for social interaction, but possessed of all the human emotions for that need. As expressed in the monster's speech to Frankenstein "Remember, that I am thy creature; I ought to be thy Adam; but I am rather the fallen angel, whom thou drivest from joy for no misdeed. Everywhere I see bliss from I alone am irrevocably excluded. I was benevolent and good; misery made me a fiend. Make me happy and I shall be virtuous." (Shelley 74) Though a novel of violence as the creature becomes filled with hate for Frankenstein who has in turn become repulsed by the monster and begins to only flee it until in retaliation the creature begins to stalk and kill those whom Frankenstein loves. A deep bond of affection and love runs within Victor

Writing for business purposes Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Writing for business purposes - Essay Example Essentially, a corporate sales brochure is a marketing device that can also serve as a communication strategy in which it helps an organization to sell itself as a brand to its customer base or to their stakeholders within the business. On the other hand, an annual report is a business communication tool that provides a company’s comprehensive report on the activities undertaken in a just concluded financial year. Its target audience includes shareholders and other interested parties where the operations of a company are of concern to them, especially in terms of financial performance and activities undertaken by the company. With this, this essay will analyse the corporate sales brochure of Chelseafc.com and the annual report of Marks and Spencer both as forms of business communication tools. Within the English football league, Chelsea Football Club is a club whose year of founding was 1905 and its operational base is in Fulham in London. Chelsea’s home is Stamford Bridge whose seating capacity is 41, 837 and the club’s owner is Sir Roman Abramovich and managed by Jose Mourinho. As at 2013, the club was number seven in the most valuable team listed in the world with an estimated value of nine hundred and one million dollars, which was an 18% increase from 2012. In analysing its corporate sales brochure mounted on its website, the intention of this is to educate those that seek information from the site with up to date information about the football club through giving product specifications on the online platform. They include promotional information of the ongoing sale of merchandise and also information on the matches the team is to play as the current fixture. Other than this, the online brochure also helps to influence client loyalty in that it provides an online chat avenue in which those accessing the site can give feedback on various issues concerning the club’s performance. Ideally, using such an

Impact Of Media On Global Social Movements Politics Essay

Impact Of Media On Global Social Movements Politics Essay In this paper my aim would be to bring forth various views and theories of social movements and explore the evolution of global social movements in the recent past. In the later part of my paper I would be discussing the role of mass media in global social movements and would also include the concept of new media and contemporary social networks in the cyber space and their impact on global social movements. But first I would like to start with a few definitions and views on global social movements by eminent scholars and intellectuals. SOCIAL MOVEMENTS The term social movements was introduced in 1850 by the German Sociologist  Lorenz von Stein  in his book History of the French Social Movement from 1789 to the Present. Since then, the term has taken different meanings and interpretations. Charles Tilly  defines social movements as, a series of contentious performances, displays and campaigns by which ordinary people made collective claims on others  [1]  .  For Tilly, social movements are a major vehicle for ordinary peoples participation in public politics. Sidney Tarrow  defines a social movement as,  collective challenges to elites, authorities, other groups or cultural codes by people with common purposes and solidarity in sustained interactions with elites, opponents and authorities  [2]  . Scholars like Escobar see social movements as sources of alternatives, hopes and theories of how the world can be made differently  [3]  . Bourdieus argument on social movements is that, its not the market, as its tr ied to make us believe today, but the social movement, which has civilized the market economy while largely contributing to its efficacy  [4]  . Touraine, on the other hand, contends that social movements are not positive or negative agents of history, of modernization, or of the liberalization of mankind. They act in a given type of social production and organization  [5]  . His views differ from the romanticisers of social movements and from those who define a social action mainly in terms of effectiveness in bringing about social change or resistance, to varying degrees, like McAdam and Snow  [6]  . Social movements are also seen as organizational and political opportunities by some and as effects as well as results of power structures, class struggles and identity politics by others. Some like Rucht find the value by combining them and arguing that a social movement exists to the extent that the following qualities are co-present: In structural terms, social movement s are networks of groups and/or organizations; regarding their aims, they are attempts to fundamentally change society (including power structures and basic values) or to resist such changes  [7]  . Global social movements have intensified in recent years; some of these movements contest not only the actual nature and consequences of current global socioeconomic relations but also the very foundation governing them. One of the reasons may be the global economic and technological integration which has consistently been disarming the traditional welfare function of the state and in turn generating increased misery, inequalities and conflicts. This has provided grounds for citizens and civil society groups of diverse origins to express their resentment and advance claims in increased numbers. There has been an emergence and consolidation of global civil society which is believed to be bigger and wider, offering a positive response, even counterweight, to a narrow notion that linked globalization to economic processes alone. I would like to begin my discussion on GSMs with some theories relating to social movements. THEORIES OF SOCIAL MOVEMENT Typically, European social movement theorists tended to view contentious collective action through a Marxian lens, proffering structural analyses to varying degrees. However, a paradigm shift occurred which delineated old social movement theory (class based) from new social movement theory (culture based). I would discuss some theories relating to social movements like collective behaviour theory, resource mobilisation theory, political process theory, social constructionist theory, new social movement theory and the networks theory. Collective Behaviour Theory This theory states that social movements differ a little from other group manifestations, such as panics, crowds and crazes. Generally, this theory advanced the notion that social movements were little more than the most well-organized and self-conscious part of an archipelago of emergent phenomena, ranging from fads and rumours, to collective enthusiasm, riots, movements and revolutions  [8]  . There have been different approaches to this theory. Beginning with Symbolic interactionism which is a variant of classic collective behaviour theory wherein creative agency triumphs over structural determination, and the creation and interpretation of meaning are the key. This model views collective behaviour as the spontaneous development of norms and organization that contest the status quo, and provoke individual reactions to social disintegration, which then form into a general, collective response. Another version of collective behaviour theory parallels the overarching theoretical paradigm of structural-functionalism in an attempt to link broad, structural factors to specific occasions of collective behaviour unfolding in several necessary stages like, structural conduciveness, structural strain, generalized beliefs that provide meaning and motivation and events or actions that catalyse collective behaviour; physical mobilization of actors; and the absence or suspension of social control  [9]  . The third approach identifies Relative deprivation as the motivating force behind collective action represents another variant of classic collective behaviour theory. In sum, this concept stipulates that a group decides to act collectively when people judge themselves as lacking certain resources in relation to another group. Resource Mobilization Theory The demise of the collective behaviour paradigm came about during the tumultuous 1960s with the advent of new social movements. According to McAdam  [10]  , theorizing social movements as a response to social strain was problematic in that it did not take the larger political context into consideration. In assigning causation of social movements to individual discontent, collective behaviour was considered abnormal and apolitical. Resource mobilization theory arose during the 1970s as a response to the shortcomings of collective behaviour theory. It held that in contentious collective action, passion gave way to rational calculation, and the collective good acquiesced to individual gain as mobilizing factors. Thus, activism relied on the ability of social movements to muster resources and engage in planned, rational action  [11]  . In this analysis, activists were not considered under the sway of sentiments, emotions, and ideologies that guided his or her action; rather, coll ective behaviour should be understood in terms of the logic of costs and benefits as well as opportunities for action Proponents of this model argued that increased personal resources, the professionalization of activism and the availability of external financial support could adequately account for contentious collective action. The focus, therefore, was on resource aggregation, and facilitation by social movement organizations (SMOs), formal or professional organizations that identify their goals with those of a social movement. In contrast to collective behaviour theory, which focused on why collective action occurred, resource mobilization theory attempted to answer the persistent question of how social movements organized and mobilized. Political Process Theory The political process model developed as an alternative to resource mobilization theory. Here, the success or failure of social movements depended on political opportunities created by ruptures in the institutional structure and the ideology of power-holders  [12]  . Three essential components comprise this theory. The first demarks the political structure as an external factor not under the direct control of challengers, but critical to a movements success. The second is an internal factor: the organizational strength of activists, the product of interaction between movement members, leaders and incentives. The final component is McAdams  [13]  cognitive liberation, or a change in group consciousness whereby potential protesters see the existing social order not only as illegitimate, but also as subject to change through their own direct efforts  [14]  . Thus, revolutions owe less to the efforts of insurgents than to the work of systemic crises which render the existing regime weak and vulnerable to challenge from virtually any quarter. Social Constructionist Theory Social constructionism approaches collective action as an interactive, symbolically defined and negotiated process among participants, opponents and bystanders  [15]  . Central to this theory is, the concept is of framing, which describes how activists make sense of their social worlds  [16]  . Frames constitute shared understandings and identities that generate the trust and cooperation amongst activists necessary for collective action. In the context of social movements, frames dignify discontent, identify grievances and assemble the grievances of various groups  [17]  . Grievances are framed in three ways. Diagnostic framing identifies a problem as well as a target for action; and prognostic framing suggests solutions, including strategies and tactics specific to the target. Together, they mobilize consensus, creating a base from which movements may recruit; however, collective action is not the necessary outcome of this process. In order for people to act contentiousl y, they must have compelling reasons to do so. Thus, motivational framing provides inspiration and rationale for action  [18]  . New Social Movement Theory NSM theorists stressed that social transformation is mediated through culture as well as politics narrowly defined, that the personal and the cultural are as politically real as, and are not reducible to, power struggles in the state and economy  [19]  . As Melucci, observes, Conflicts move from the economic-industrial system to the cultural sphere. They focus on personal identity, the time and space of life, and the motivation and codes of daily behaviour  [20]  . That is to say, activists in new social movements turned their gaze inward, focusing on issues as they affected their personal lives, and pursuing social change through politicizing culture. Networks Theory The concept of networks helps to address the division created by a narrow focus on identity, as mediated through cultural analysis, in social movement theory. According to Castells, New information technologies, by transforming the processes of information processing, act upon all domains of human activity, and make it possible to establish endless connections between different domains, as well as between elements and agents of such activities  [21]  . Castells observes that, As people organized meaning around who they were, rather than what they did, the process of globalization relied on increasingly integrated networks of instrumental exchange  [22]  . According to Appadurai, the result of globalized communication and mass migration is the creation of diasporic public spheres, phenomena that confound theories that depend on the continued salience of the nation-state as the key arbiter of important social changes  [23]  . The electronic revolution has facilitated the g lobalization of capitalism; it has also enabled the globalization of protest, as Dyer-Witheford  [24]  observes: New information technologies therefore appear not just as instruments for the circulation of commodities, but simultaneously as channels for the circulation of struggles. Thus, social movements become increasingly global both in target and in form. The movements that oppose corporate globalization, like the Zapatistas and the Anti-Corporate Globalization Movement (ACGM), are prime examples of network-based social movements. My further discussions would primarily be based on this theory of networks in social movements with an emphasis on the rise of social networks in GSMs and their role in felicitating them. MEDIA AND GSMs In this part of my paper I would give a brief evolution of media as a tool for social change and would also discuss the use of ICTs in GSMs. I would give some examples of social media and would conclude this part with views of authors and scholars who are divided on the positive and negative role of media in social movements. MEDIA FOR CHANGE TRADITIONAL MEDIA Soon after the end of World War II the importance of mass media like newspapers, radio, cinema and television as accelerators in spreading ideas about progress and development began to be recognised. There are numerous examples in history where movements have been influenced by media. The issues at that time were more political than social but slowly, the same process was followed in carrying out social movements. It was already well documented how during War times radios and newspapers were used along with televisions to create a public sphere where people shared ideas and issues of common interest in a democracy. How leaders through their mesmerising speeches were able to instil patriotic feeling in their countrymen. These established norms gave way to the use of mass media in different social movements. In the Indian context one can find the use of such means during the Green Revolution, Family planning Communications. In Latin America, Paulo Freire (1971) used it for adult litera cy programmes. Even with the advent of the ICTs one can still find that the maximum amount of information dissemination in social movements, even today, is done through these means. May it be an environmental campaign or anti-corruption campaign, this mode still remains a dominant player in social change. NEW MEDIA: INTERNET The battles of Seattle, Washington, Prague and Genoa, with an unforeseen mixture of nationalities and movements, became world news. Interestingly, the new media seemed to play a crucial role in the organization of these global-protests. Internet has been widely used as a tool for social change and social movements in the recent past. I will illustrate some popular examples corroborating my statement. Zapatistas Movement Beginning in 1994, the Zapatistas used the Internet to turn a local dispute over land in Chiapas, Mexico into an international debate over the ill effects of corporate globalization. They incorporated their localized concerns over the implementation of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) into an international agenda opposed to global economic policies that usurp national political sovereignty and recolonize debtor nations. The Zapatistas and their supporters worldwide thus fashioned an ideology that rejected neoliberalism, which for them refers less to policy or theory and more directly to degrading environmental conditions and escalating human rights abuses  [25]  . Thus, they used the Internet to weave a new electronic fabric of struggle  [26]  to rally support for their revolution throughout Mexico and across the globe. The Anti-Corporate Globalization Movement The Anti-Corporate Globalization movement built on the foundations laid by the Zapatistas, using the Internet to connect with social justice activists around the world, to serve as a forum for education and discussion, and to disseminate information unavailable in the corporate mainstream press. The Internet was also critical in the logistical organization of the massive demonstrations against the World Trade Organization (WTO) in Seattle in 1999. This protest marked the birth of the ACGM, which gathered within its folds other activist movements, organizations and networks. For the first time in living memory, possibly ever, many different grievances and causes were represented under one broad banner: social justice. Thus workers walked arm in arm with environmentalists, feminists, human rights workers, farmers, and fair trade advocates. The Battle of Seattle marked the beginning of a new form of activism: the new communication technology that made the globalization of capital possib le also spurred the globalization of protest and facilitated globalization from below. The Internet was instrumental in both shrinking vast geographical distances, and in disseminating a new sort of global consciousness. There was also the increased use of SMSs by the protestors in organizing and carrying out their protests. There were termed as Smart Mobs, though it is still not a major tool of social movement it has had its impact during the 1999 Battle of Seattle, 1992 Critical Mass Bicycle demos of San Francisco and September 2000 protest in Britain over fuel price rise. Many social movements relating to environment, health, etc. have taken post Seattle through use of ICTs, social networking, websites, etc. The Coffee Party on Facebook is one such example of a movement that was initiated and primarily carried out on the social networking site Facebook. Though these developments seem to hold both a bright future for social movements and interesting times for social movement researchers, nothing assures us that movements always make society more democratic  [27]  . Tilly advocates that, technological determinism ought to be avoided and that one should recognize that not all new features of soci al movements result from technical innovations but most of them from alterations in their social and political contexts  [28]  . Relying on ICT services also requires being able to cope with their risks and dangers therefore most 21st century social movement activity continues to rely on the local, regional, and national forms of organization that already prevailed during the later 20th century  [29]  . HOSTILE MEDIA One of the first detailed examinations of a social movement protest in the media focused on a mass demonstration held against the Vietnam War in Britain  [30]  . The demonstration involved approximately 60,000 protesters, most of who marched peacefully through the streets of London (with an insignificant number of protestors involved in violent actions). However, despite the overwhelmingly peaceful nature of the march, the media concentrated most of its coverage on the issue of violence  [31]  . There were differences between media outlets in their coverage; they were all united by the overall focus on the same limited aspect the issue of violence. The misrepresentation of this massive political rally, and the totality of the negative coverage across all media outlets led the investigators to conclude that such reporting poses extreme problems for democracy, which may only be remedied by some form of institutional rearrangement  [32]  . For any social movement to draw beneficial attention to its activities in the mass media, the first barrier it must overcome is the structural constraints of the medium itself. According to Herman and Chomskys  [33]  Propaganda Model, there are five filters through which all news must pass, that actively shape the medias content. These are (1) the size, ownership and profit orientation of the media, (2) advertising, (3) sourcing, (4) flak (criticism) and (5) anti-communist ideology, which can be interpreted as keeping the discourse within the boundaries of elite interests. According to Sidney Tarrow, The media are crucial in a social movements efforts to broadcast its demands. But the media are anything but neutral in the framing of activists concerns and events. On the one hand, the media provide a broad base for consensus formation that is difficult for movements to achieve on their own. On the other hand, while the media may not work directly for the ruling class, they certain ly do not work for social movements  [34]  . CONCLUSION The mass media is an important outlet for social movements, where the quality and nature of media coverage strongly influences how they are perceived in the public eye. It is important for social movements, whose transitional and adversarial nature weakens their ability to secure public legitimacy. Their outsider status, along with their usual resource-poor nature, means that traditional avenues of publicity are not easily accessible and forces them to rely on alternative methods to obtain media access. Traditionally, this involves some form of public spectacle like a protest to attract media attention. These activities have become accepted as mechanisms by which social problems are communicated in the public sphere, alongside public opinion polls and elections and they act as vital means by which citizens can signal their discontent  [35]  . Key to any social movements eventual success in reforming the current world order is its ability to garner majority support, which is severely restricted by the mass media. Global justice movements profess to want to mobilise entire communities worldwide to enable truly participative decision-making. However, if this is really the case, they need to consider whether the same media system that serves to naturalise and legitimise elite decision-making, can really encourage its antithesis, collective grassroots decision-making. It seems an anathema to even consider that by working on the terms set by the mass media, social movements are actually legitimising and tightening its hegemonic power over society, even while it simultaneously acts to de-legitimise or ignore the global justice movement. Therefore, it is time for social movements to take collective action. To start with, democratic media reform needs to be recast as an end in itself, a public good, not simply a means by which eac h movement can get its message out  [36]  . In this way, a media reform project can be linked to the wider array of social movements calling for a more equitable and participatory democracy.

Gilgameshs Heroism Essay -- World Literature Epic of Gilgamesh

A hero is someone who tries the best to help everyone and will do everything in his or her power to help out another person. The term hero means different things to different people. Today many people believe that a hero is a person who can accomplish what others can not or a person who puts themselves on the line for the other people. Men, women and children can all be heroes if they truly feel in their hearts the need to help others in even the smallest ways. In our modern world heroes are defined in so many ways. Anyone can be a hero, a best friend, a devoted mother/father, a teacher, etc. On the other hand, in the older days, before laws and technology, heroes were the men who fought against evil things, who rescue damsels in distress; they were the manly men, the king's knights, god like creatures, brave warriors. As criteria for any epic story a hero must be involved in the story. Furthermore, these heroes had to meet also specific criteria. The definition of an ancient time hero is very different than a hero today. Above all, he should be a skilled warrior, who had to respect authority, both governmental and religious. Around the time that the epic called "Gilgamesh" was written heroes were considered to be the men who helped or did virtuous deeds for many people. The Mesopotamians thought a hero was someone with courage and bravery, who rise above all of the normal people. They were considered to be the part of God. The Epic of Gilgamesh centers on Gilgamesh, a man with superhuman qualities who struggles and searches for immortality and knowledge. Moreover the epic is about his grown to full maturity through this quest. Therefore who exactly is a hero and what is the role of the hero? In this paper the term "Heroism... ...mes a better individual, and it is all of the work he did after that moment that has made him be recognized as a hero. Gilgamesh is more of a hero because once he realizes that he could be doing better things for other people he changes his actions. Enkidu is a hero but not on purpose. He is created as a hero on the other hand, his own conscious, his own choices make him more humane, and he has changed his primitive way of living. In conclusion, "The Epic of Gilgamesh" is a story about the meaning of being a human. Like most people of today Gilgamesh is not discover that meaning until the later part of his life. It is sad to think that most of the people in our contemporary world are to caught up being "successful" that they stop searching for a purpose in life aside from themselves. Gilgamesh is a hero because he saw the flaws and decides to eliminate them.

Compare the play “Killed” with “Blue Remembered Hills” Essay

In this essay I will compare the two plays â€Å"Killed† and â€Å"Blue Remembered Hills†. The play â€Å"Blue Remembered Hills† was written by Dennis Potter, I have been studying the Samuel French LTD edition. It is set in 1943 in the south west of Britain. â€Å"Killed† was written by Fred Hawksley, it is set mostly in France with flash backs to Manchester. Both plays are set in war times, â€Å"Blue Remembered Hills† takes place in the Second World War and â€Å"Killed† is set in the First World War. In â€Å"Blue Remembered Hills† the war is a back ground to the story; it is referred to but never seen, unlike â€Å"Killed† where the war is what makes the story. When we acted out the play â€Å"Blue Remembered Hills† I played John, he is a child who is part of a gang, a lot like the 14 platoon in â€Å"Killed†. In both there is a strong sense of hierarchy; in â€Å"Killed† there is no answering back to the one in charge this being the R.S.M. and in â€Å"Blue Remembered Hills† the character in charge is Wallace Wilson, although ever elusive on stage he is constantly mentioned in the dialogue as â€Å"†¦no.1† in the group. The speech in â€Å"Blue Remembered Hills† is very naturalistic using slang to enhance the informal feel of the play. â€Å"Killed† uses a more formal register when someone is in the presence of the R.S.M but takes a more natural tone when Billy remembers life in Manchester. They both have similar story lines where a group of friends are forced, or accidentally kill another one of their friends. They are both tragedies because the endings are sad and a friend ends up dead. In â€Å"Blue Remembered Hills† war is an exciting and glorified vision in the minds of the children. In â€Å"Killed† Billy is executed by his own side in the First World War and shows the harsh reality of being a solder in the trenches on the front line. The two plays have very different views of war. The characters in the two plays have very different personalities, yet they resemble some of the personalities from the other, for example the R.S.M. and Peter being a kind of leader figures bossing the members of the group. Billy and Donald also show similarities as they both die and their friends play a part in their deaths. The two plays would be performed very differently, â€Å"Blue Remembered Hills† is very natural; running in almost real time unlike â€Å"Killed† which is very stylistic and happens over two years with narrated flash backs. I would show these flash backs via the flash back being acted out on stage while Billy addresses the audience not being able to interact with the flash back although he tries to. I would create a simple set for â€Å"Killed† maybe some seats and a table for Billy’s home in Manchester and some staging lined up to make the lip of the trench. For the â€Å"Blue Remembered Hills† set we made a barn behind a woodland scene so that the whole scene could take place without any changes to the set and used the whole stage well. For costumes I would have Billy from â€Å"Killed† in a First World War uniform and in â€Å"Blue Remembered Hills† I would try to find some clothes that could help an actor inhabit the role of a child in the 1940s. The two plays are both very interesting and conjure different visions of war, in â€Å"Blue Remembered Hills† the World War engulfs all lands over seas and yet the children in mainland Britain have only heard the glorified version of the war, whereas Billy in ‘Killed’ believes he will become a hero but finds that war is not as heroic as he thought.

Pop culture

In this 21 SST century, pop culture has become a hot topic among the society. The reasons that the community concerned about it are the pop culture influences the content of media and how we think, dress and act. It's well known that pop culture Is a way of life or normally known as the latest trends and styles of the youthful generation adopt and follow in this 21st century era. Incidentally, the word â€Å"pop† refers more specifically to something containing qualities of mass appeal.Hence, the pop culture Is referring to things that happen around us every day whether on clothes, movies, music, education or entertainment. As we all known, the Influence of pop culture, especially from western country, Is now widespread namely In dressing, mannerisms, food, books, entertainment and even education. The youth of today are affected by pop culture In almost every aspect of life whether It Is music, media, celebrities, fashion, and even literature. These kinds of things have become top priority for youth generation of today's world.In my opinion, pop culture brings more ad than good. This is because pop culture will affect the youth generation whose mind are easily influenced and corrupted like in the way they dress. Many of them will follow the fashion of west, such as clad in low cut tops, low waist jeans and in short very revealing outfits. They mimic western style of clothing as well free intermingling of sexes. This is because they will follow and play in the field of entertainment which is under the influence of westernizes.For example, the youth will visit video arcades, discotheques, nightclubs and other places of entertainment which they find it is exciting and fulfilling. Thus, they will expose themselves to the morally deficient elements at this kind of places. Others than that, they will pick up bad habits such as smoking, drinking alcohol and others behaviors that is unsuitable for people of such a young age. Besides, they will also expose themse lves to abuse and exploitation.Further, the cinema which is a part of the pop culture will also bring the negative influences to the youth generation. As an illustration, youth will tries to imitate, performs different stunts, copying styles, acting in the same way after they had watch the movies. They not only will consider the actor or the film stars as their Gods, but also catch the negative aspects shown in the movies Like violence. This will lead them no interest In their study and discontinue their studies.In conclusion, the Olin addition, the children from these families will also disrespect towards their parent and using slang language In front of their parents because of the western pop culture. The pop culture Is not only affects the youth generation and family, but It's also affects the whole community. For example, a community will radically forget their religious value besides they will slowly lose their heritage and tradition when they are In favor of western pop cultu re.Additionally, the food culture of a community will also be Influenced. For Instance, previously In Malaysia, only the ethnics food was given importance, but now the food culture importance, has drastically changed. Today's pop culture food habits include having Pizzas, burgers, Italian food or Mexican food. While the main focus of food is on fast food culture which is contain of high calories and will lead to obesity and others disease like heart out generation across the world, but it also brings some positive influences to our country.For example, a country which is ethnically and religiously diverse will become a more diversity, racial equality and tolerance with the influences of pop culture. Hence, the war or quarrel among the citizens can be avoided. On the whole, the pop culture is all around us and influences our life and culture. Depending on the day it is, the influence may be a good one. But for me, I still believe that pop culture brings more bad than good influences to us because it will affect the morality of the youth generation who is easily be affect. Pop Culture Position Essay Pop culture is a Plus for Students Every day a great number of good and bad events are happening such advances in technology, weather changes, wars, bad politicalchoices, economics effects, unfair treatments at work, charities, and so on which are researched and transmitted trough media. Media‘s information maybe not always be accurate or freely expressed, sometimes it can be distorted and as a result an entire nation can be guide wrong or good through a few persons’ analysis. Then, Why not push American population to do their own study? Pop Culture would be a plus here. The developing of this new field, pop culture, is a great opportunity to expose million of students to actual events, where they will expand and apply their researches and critically skills and as a result will corroborate media’s information. As students are in the process to learn how to think critically, and express accurately; then enforce them to think independently and make them evaluate if all what is outside is valuable. Actually, there is a fever for plastic surgery, and Wood cites in her essay some reasons like, â€Å"†¦Undergo cosmetic surgery in order to improve their lives. †(119) â€Å"Plastic surgery, he says, is â€Å"a tool. It can be used to customize your appearance in the same way you customize your car, or your pets, or the way you dress in Prada versus Dolce. †(123) I wonder in what moment people learnt to devaluate themselves and became a fake shadow of another person. After a practiced surgery, people is really happy, and all surgery have been successful are topics that matter at the moment of follow the wave. Eventually, if we teach the scholar to think critically the actual topics, they can analyze the negative and positive sides of different subjects and choose their best evaluation by themselves. In brief, Pop Culture is a worthy academic subject matter in this century and for the futures. It encourages being aware of existing events, new tendencies and how they influence in population’s behaviors. As Lee quotes, â€Å"The study of popular culture†¦is the future. †(7) Schools must reinforce it to have future generations which analyze and think critically about their decisions in today’s world, not just influence by media and mass. Works Cited Wood, Gaby. â€Å"Meet Marnie. † Mirror on America. Ed. Mims, Joan T. and Elizabeth M. Nollen. Boston: Bedford/St. Martins, 2006. 118-126. Lee, Eric. â€Å"Sclock Waves Felt across U. S. Campuses. † Mirror on America. Ed. Mims, Joan T. and Elizabeth M. Nollen. Boston: Bedford/St. Martins, 2006. 118-126. However, my concerned is; Medias are free of influences of the big guys in this county, they are really telling us the entire true in all matters. Or journalists are limited to say only what their supervisors allow to them. Medias has a big influence in us because we never take the time to see if what they say is truth. We also and specially students should be more involved in what is happening now. Popular culture is the best ways to develop skills to collect, evaluate, corroborate and inform realities that surround the world. Using this method we’ll be updated, have accurate information, and can formulate logical opinions or solutions.

SAT Literature Subject Test Terms to Know Essays

SAT Literature Subject Test Terms to Know Essays SAT Literature Subject Test Terms to Know Paper SAT Literature Subject Test Terms to Know Paper Essay Topic: Literature allegory A story with underlying symbols that really represent something else. A character can be allegorical. alliteration Repetition of a consonant sound for emphasis. allusion A reference to something or someone, usually literary. anachronism Placing a person or object in an inappropriate historical situation. It can be deliberate or unintentional. analogy Comparing something to something else. anecdote A short narrative, story, or tale. antagonist The major character opposing the protagonist. Usually the villain. anthropomorphism Assigning human attributes, such as emotions or physical characteristics, to nonhuman things. Often used for attributing human characteristics to animals. Similar to personification, but usually is applied to animals, while personification is applied to all types of things. argument A summary or short statement of the plot or subject of a literary work. diction The authors choice of word and sentence structure, taking into account correctness, clearness, and effectiveness. Typically, there are four levels: formal, informal, colloquial, and slang. elegy A mournful and melancholy poem or song, usually to pay tribute to a deceased person. emphasis Special forcefulness of expression that gives importance to something singled out. fable A story that has a moral, usually involving animals as the main characters. figurative language Language characterized by figures of speech such as metaphors and similes as well as elaborate expression through imagery. hyperbole A deliberate exaggeration. imagery An authors use of descriptive and figurative language used to create a picture in the readers minds eye. indirect dialogue Language that communicates what was expressed in the dialogue, without using a direct quotation. irony An expression of meaning that is opposite of the literal meaning. meaning Something that one wishes to convey, especially by language. metaphor A comparison like a simile, without the use of like or as. Its a little subtler. Its important to note, however, that in literary criticism, the word metaphor is frequently used when, strictly speaking, the term simile applies. meter The rhythm of a poem. The most common is iambic. narrative A literary representation of an event or a storythe text itself. onomatopoeia A word intended to simulate the actual sound of the thing or action it describes. oxymoron A phrase in which the words are contradictory. paean An expression of joyful praise. parable A story that has a moral. paradox This is a phrase that appears to be contradictory but actually contains some basic truth that resolves the apparent contradiction. parallelism The repetition of sounds, meanings, or structures to create a certain style. parody A literary work in which the style of an author is imitated for comic effect or ridicule. pastoral A work that deals with the lives of people, especially shepherds, in the country or in nature (as opposed to people in a city). pathos Something that evokes a feeling of pity or sympathy. personification Assigning human attributes to something nonhuman. perspective The viewpoint from which the narrator or character sees things. point of view The vantage point from which a story is presented to a reader. protagonist The main character, usually the hero. rhyme scheme The way that a poems rhymes are arranged. satire Ridicule of a subject, usually as a social criticism. simile A comparison of two things using the words like or as. stanza The divisions in a poem, like a paragraph to prose. structure The framework of a work of literature; the organization or overall design; often provides clues to character and action. style The authors unique manner of expression; the authors voice. syntax The ordering of words into meaningful patterns such as phrases, clauses, and sentences; poets often manipulate syntax, changing traditional word order in an attempt to draw attention to particular words or phrases. theme The central meaning or dominant idea in a literary work; theme provides a unifying point around which the plot, characters, setting, point of view, symbols, and other elements of a work are organized. tone Style or manner of expression.

Firewalls essays

Firewalls essays Everyday millions of people around the world use the Internet for corporate use, research, and personal uses. If each person uses one computer to access the Net at any one time, that is trillions of bytes of data. People are in danger of being infected or hacked easily by brilliant hackers. What can a person do? The solution is to protect your computer using firewalls. Basically, a firewall is a barrier to keep destructive forces away from your computer. A firewall is simply a program or hardware device that filters the information coming through the Internet connection. If incoming information is unusual by the filters, it is not allowed through. Firewalls use one or more methods to control traffic flowing in and out of the network: - Packet Filtering: Packets (small bits of data) are analyzed through a set of filters and then let through into the computer or to be discarded later - Proxy Service Information sent from the Internet is retrieved by the firewall and then sent to the requesting system and vice versa - Stateful Inspection The firewall examines certain key parts of information that is suitable to allow into the computer. There are two levels of network policy that directly influence the design, installation and use of a firewall system. The higher-level policy is an issue-specific, network access policy that defines those services that will be allowed or denied from the restricted network. The other network policy is the lower-level policy describes how the firewall will actually go about restricting access and filtering the services that were defined in the higher-level policy. Firewalls often implement service access policies that allow some user access from the Internet to selected internal hosts, but this access would be granted only if necessary and only if it could be combined with advanced authentication. ...

Psycholinguistics Definition and Examples

Psycholinguistics Definition and Examples Psycholinguistics is the study of the mental aspects of language and speech. It is primarily concerned with the ways in which language is represented and processed in the brain. A branch of both linguistics and psychology, psycholinguistics is part of the field of cognitive science. Adjective: psycholinguistic. The term psycholinguistics was introduced by American psychologist Jacob Robert Kantor in his book An Objective Psychology of Grammar (1936). The term was popularized by one of Kantors students, Henry Pronko, in the article Language and Psycholinguistics: A Review (1946). The emergence of  psycholinguistics as an academic discipline is generally linked to an influential seminar at Cornell University in 1951. Pronunciation: si-ko-lin-GWIS-tiks Also Known As: psychology of language Etymology: From the Greek, mind the Latin, tongue On Psycholinguistics Psycholinguistics is  the study of the mental mechanisms that make it possible for people to use language. It is a scientific discipline whose goal is a coherent theory of the way in which language is produced and understood. (Alan Garnham,  Psycholinguistics: Central Topics. Psychology Press, 1985) Two Key Questions At its heart, psycholinguistic work consists of two questions. One is, What knowledge of language is needed for us to use language? In a sense, we must know a language to use it, but we are not always fully aware of this knowledge... The other primary psycholinguistic question is, What cognitive processes are involved in the ordinary use of language? By ordinary use of language I mean such things as understanding a lecture, reading a book, writing a letter, and holding a conversation. By cognitive processes, I mean processes such as perception, memory, and thinking. Although we do few things as often or as easily as speaking and listening, we will find that considerable cognitive processing is going on during those activities. (David Carroll,  Psychology of Language, 5th ed. Thomson, 2008)   How Language Is Done Psycholinguists study how word meaning, sentence meaning, and discourse meaning are computed and represented in the mind. They study how complex words and sentences are composed in speech and how they are broken down into their constituents in the acts of listening and reading. In short, psycholinguists seek to understand how language is done... In general, psycholinguistic studies have revealed that many of the concepts employed in the analysis of sound structure, word structure, and sentence structure also play a role in language processing. However, an account of language processing also requires that we understand how these linguistic concepts interact with other aspects of human processing to enable language production and comprehension. (William OGrady, et al., Contemporary Linguistics: An Introduction. Bedford/St. Martins, 2001) An Interdisciplinary Field Psycholinguistics... draws on ideas and knowledge from a number of associated areas, such as phonetics, semantics and pure linguistics. There is a constant exchange of information between psycholinguists and those working in neurolinguistics, who study how language is represented in the brain. There are also close links with studies in artificial intelligence. Indeed, much of the early interest in language processing derived from the AI goals of designing computer programs that can turn speech into writing and programs that can recognize the human voice. (John Field, Psycholinguistics: A Resource Book for Students. Routledge, 2003) On Psycholinguistics and Neuroimaging Psycholinguistics has classically focused on button press tasks and reaction time experiments from which cognitive processes are being inferred. The advent of neuroimaging opened new research perspectives for the psycholinguist as it became possible to look at the neuronal mass activity that underlies language processing. Studies of brain correlates of psycholinguistic processes can complement behavioral results, and in some cases . . . can lead to direct information about the basis of psycholinguistic processes. (Friedmann Pulvermà ¼ller, Word Processing in the Brain as Revealed by Neurophysiological Imaging. The Oxford Handbook of Psycholinguistics, ed. by M. Gareth Gaskell. Oxford University Press, 2009)

About Micro Economics Research Proposal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

About Micro Economics - Research Proposal Example and also helps facing the competition developing in any market by focusing on the customers’ needs and the supply and demand issues (Starr, 2007; McNamara, 2008). The major steps involved in developing a strategic business plan include the identification of the time to make such plan. A strategic business plan can be developed anytime when the business expects any kind of restructuring or expansion and the future of the business comes to any questionable position. The strategic business plan also helps in analyzing the past and current operations of the business running successfully to determine the future improvements. The strategic business plan is helpful to protect business from running into the phase of crisis from a successful state (Hilty, n.d.). After deciding the need for developing strategic business plan the organization needs to analyze the situation outside the organization, i.e., the background information of the business focusing on the market situation, available resources, management system and the existing centers of profit. The analysis of cash flow and expenses, the data of debts and production costs, financial, capital an d labor efficiency, etc. makes the next step of strategic planning. This can best be done in strategic business planning through the SWOT analysis, i.e., the in depth investigation of the situation of the organization including identification of its strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats. While strengths and weaknesses are the internal characteristics of a business the opportunities and threats are the external components which the organization itself does not have any control over. It is applicable in all business sectors when a very limited time is available to address a complex strategic situation. This step helps in providing a large amount of external and internal information relevant to the business situation and the aspects requiring immediate attention. These four aspects related to any business helps in

The Value of Higher Education Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

The Value of Higher Education - Research Paper Example What is definitely agreed on is that higher education is very important in being able to get a job that pays a worker well enough to maintain a home, family and the necessities of living that go along with that. As we grow from childhood, our parents, or other authoritative adults, tell us that the way to succeed in life is go to school, go to college after high school, then get a good job after graduation. Attending college is commonly perceived as the only way to getting a good job that pays enough to have a nice home, car, and support a family. In 2000, 84 percent of American adults over 25 years of age had completed high school, and 26 percent had attained at least a bachelor’s degree. Those numbers were an all-time high score compared to 1975, where only 63 percent of adults had graduated high school, with only 14 percent graduating college (Day, 2002). Research showed that in the years between 1997 and 1999, a non-high school graduate could expect to make no more than $2 3, 400 in a full-time job per year, whereas a college graduate could make $52,200 and a doctoral degree could bring in $89,400 or more (Day, 2002). What was also interesting to note was the charting results of comparison salaries between men and women with bachelor degrees who basically start out at almost the same salary in similar jobs in the early 20-something age group. In the later ages, women tend to lag behind in salary increases, most likely due to having children and being off work, moving to accommodate a husband getting a better job elsewhere, or just having a degree that doesn’t address the current job market needs (CPS, 2002). Moving forward to the latest report, published in 2012, accommodating survey information from 1984 compared to 2009, the numbers show that almost twice as many sampling respondents have attained a vocational certification, associate’s degree and higher. What was most glaring however, was to see that the numbers had dropped from 60,00 0 high school graduates in 1984 to 57,8880 in 2009 (Ewert, 2012). With a larger population growth, this means that fewer teenagers are actually graduating from high school, leaving a larger labor force in the population that does not have a higher level of education. For those that went on to college, the greatest amount of bachelor degrees were awarded in the fields of business, with close runner up degrees in education, engineering, health care, liberal arts and humanities, and natural sciences. Advanced degrees attained were in education (as the highest rate), business, law, medicine, with nursing/public health and natural sciences running neck in neck in the fifth position. In vocational certificates, the highest is in health care, with business/office a close second. Auto mechanics came next, with cosmetology, computer trades and construction trades in the third, fourth and fifth ranking positions (Ewert, 2012). What must be taken into consideration is the change in population sampling from 1984 and an upgraded survey to a different sampling group in 2009. The labor market and its current needs are also reflective of what fields student get degrees in, fully expecting to get jobs in that field after graduation, get on-the-job experience and then go for an advanced degree in the same field. What is not calculated into this path of development is how the job market in, say, the

The retail revolutions in the UK and US. Similarities and differences, Essay

The retail revolutions in the UK and US. Similarities and differences, the winners and losers - Essay Example Undoubtedly, in the last several years, the retail industry has changed considerably just to get better and enhanced. Uprising in every aspect of production, distribution, technological, marketing and delivery have ultimately led to the revolution of the retail industry. This project would focus on this specific industry, the revolutions taken place in USA and UK, the similarities and differences of the retail markets in these two countries. The analysis would further lead to the identification of gainers and losers of this industry. Global Retailing Industry At the end of the 20th century, both North America and Europe have experienced the surfacing of the supermarkets to take prevailing grocery retail form. As the income level increases, the super marketers expanded their product range to seek convenience as well as new tastes and stimulus of the customers. In the later years, with the advancement of technology, introduction of barcode has enabled these stores to effectively manage number of merchandises and their prices (Anand & Nambiar, n.d., p.1-2). Furthermore, the retail stores have introduced 'just-in-time' store replacement and the capability to manage more individual product items. In the coming years, the logistical systems integrated store replacement and computer driven depots integrated in one single electronic system leading to the establishment of superstores. There have been a considerable amount of changes from the last decade to this date. One of the few similarities, which still remain same from the last decade, is that Wal-Mart still holds its top position with distinction across the globe. Other than the dominance of Wal-Mart, there is little or even negligible changes from that of the mid-1990s. The world economy has experienced a considerable amount of shift with changes in the retailer’s operating systems and consumer demand with the incorporation of enhanced technology. Furthermore, intensive competition, saturated customer base and limited legislation have pushed the leading food retailers to cross the borders. Since middle of the 1990s, a number of governments have encouraged their economies to open up, leading to the entrance of the foreign investment and free markets. The entire situation has become favourable for the leading retailers to expand further to capture the global market. In the wake of recent economic downturn, there has been cutback in the corporate IT expenses and other capital spending. Furthermore, the consumers have become more sensitive to the price as well as conservative in the buying behaviour. This has been more prominent in the advanced economies. The global recession has forced the retailers to look more into the cost more effectively. In the second half of the 1990s, the supply chain innovations have been stronger and have continued till date. In the recent times, change in the consumer preference would fuel the online retail services. As of now, the US has remained the biggest area for the online retail with around 37.2 percent of the total market share (IMAP, 2010, p 3-4). USA Retail Revolution The retail revolution of the USA started with the opening of departmental stores in the 1860s, and the constant evolution of the retail industry in USA continues till date. Historically, the production sector has been credited with all innovation and contribution to the growth of the society, and the retail

Competitiveness Report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Competitiveness Report - Essay Example Kanter (1995:71) on his work of "Mastering Change" argues that success in the present day business is not for those companies that re-engineer the way they do things, or for those fixing the past. According to Kanter (1995) such an action will not constitute an adequate response. This is so because success is based on an organization's ability to create, rather than predict the future by developing those products that will literally transform the way the world thinks and view it self and the needs (Kanter 1995:71). Through an environmental analysis will understand how a firm's competitive position is affected by different forces. More and more companies are engaging in corporate social responsibility reporting, which helps major stakeholders to better understand how the company interacts with its society. (Sacconi, 2004). This essay uses the PESTLE framework to analyse the impact of an out of town shopping centre to the general population, the transport system and the traditional shopping environment. There after, attention is shifted to a normal shopping environment where, using the SWOT matrix one service organisation (TESCO) is analysed. According to Johnson et al (2005), the PESTEL framework can only be used to look at the future impact of environmental factors and how this impact might be different from the past. Thus an understanding of how the factors in the above framework may drive change is only a starting point (Johnson et al 2005).There is also the need for an understanding of the key change drivers. 1.2 Political Factor Analysis with Respect to the Stockport Shopping Centre Politically, the Manchester out of town shopping centre has been used by politicians as a way to push out and solve the growing congestions within the Manchester city area. The creation of these shopping centers has thus reduced congestion to an extent. Alternative out of city routes are now put into effective use. Though, the political situation of the UK is a stable and unique one, it over dependence through the support of the United States egoistic policies under the pretext of democracy, the war on terror, the tit

Globalization as the Integration of the Interaction between Nations Essay

Globalization as the Integration of the Interaction between Nations - Essay Example This essay explores the factors that lead to globalization. As a manager of any firm, the main objectives are to maximize profits and minimize the costs. The costs can be minimized by looking for cheap labor force and nearness to raw materials. A company in Asia might decide to set up a new firm or move the initial firm in Asia to another country with cheap labor. Secondly, the firm can also shift due to nearness to the raw material. More so, the market can also influence globalization. A country might shift its production firm to another country targeting certain individuals in that country. Poor countries encourage foreign investors so that they can benefit from the taxes levied on them. For this reason, it is clear that also the economic status of a country is a key factor to increasing globalization. There are, however, demerits and merits of globalization in business. For this reason, this paper tends to explain the advantages and disadvantages of globalization in business. Firs tly, globalization is beneficial to many people. As discussed earlier on, an individual can move from his working office in Mexico to another country just for lunch. For this reason, the utility of this individual is satisfied. This person will feel satisfied since they got what they wanted therefore derived satisfaction. In addition, the individual might have used either a public or a private jet. In whatever way, employment is created for the pilot flying this individual for lunch. More so, the restaurant also receives some payments in compensation for what this individual will consume. Suppose an individual sets a firm in another country, what would happen? Firstly, the state will receive money in the form of tax by the foreign investors. Secondly, the area around the set firm will be developed by these foreign investors. The condition of the road will also improve, and water and electricity would be made available and affordable to the settlers around the firm. In addition, indi viduals will get employed.

Obesity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 9

Obesity - Essay Example Children and teenagers who are obese face a veer of probable health complications, as they grow older, as well as an amplified menace of diabetes, heart diseases, and some cancers. As if that is not adequate, obesity may negatively affect young people's long-term college and profession prospects, also. In the past few years, an irregular yet emergent body of research has recommended that obesity be coupled with poorer academic performance starting as early as kindergarten. Studies have variously discovered that obese pupils and especially girls tend to have poorer test scores as compared to their slimmer classmates, are more probable to be held back a grade, and are less expected to go on to higher learning levels like college. The most recent such research, put in print recently in the journal of Child Development, followed several kids from kindergarten in the course of fifth grade and discovered that those who were obese all the way through that episode scored poor on math tests t han their non-obese peers.

Globalization as the Integration of the Interaction between Nations Essay

Globalization as the Integration of the Interaction between Nations - Essay Example This essay explores the factors that lead to globalization. As a manager of any firm, the main objectives are to maximize profits and minimize the costs. The costs can be minimized by looking for cheap labor force and nearness to raw materials. A company in Asia might decide to set up a new firm or move the initial firm in Asia to another country with cheap labor. Secondly, the firm can also shift due to nearness to the raw material. More so, the market can also influence globalization. A country might shift its production firm to another country targeting certain individuals in that country. Poor countries encourage foreign investors so that they can benefit from the taxes levied on them. For this reason, it is clear that also the economic status of a country is a key factor to increasing globalization. There are, however, demerits and merits of globalization in business. For this reason, this paper tends to explain the advantages and disadvantages of globalization in business. Firs tly, globalization is beneficial to many people. As discussed earlier on, an individual can move from his working office in Mexico to another country just for lunch. For this reason, the utility of this individual is satisfied. This person will feel satisfied since they got what they wanted therefore derived satisfaction. In addition, the individual might have used either a public or a private jet. In whatever way, employment is created for the pilot flying this individual for lunch. More so, the restaurant also receives some payments in compensation for what this individual will consume. Suppose an individual sets a firm in another country, what would happen? Firstly, the state will receive money in the form of tax by the foreign investors. Secondly, the area around the set firm will be developed by these foreign investors. The condition of the road will also improve, and water and electricity would be made available and affordable to the settlers around the firm. In addition, indi viduals will get employed.

PR And New Media Essay Example for Free

PR And New Media Essay Public relations (PR) are the management of internal and external communication environment of an organization to generate and sustain a positive image and goodwill. It often involves in activities like popularizing successes or exaggerating success, rejecting failures or hiding the weakness of company, announcement of new promotion campaigns, detailing new strategies involving public, media and investors. It should be mentioned that Public relations is also viewed as an art or technique to endorse, encourage, sponsor goodwill in the external environment like media and public. Thus, it is essential to incorporate a proper campaign related to public health program in the context of public health like the one the campaign targeted in this case: An anti-smoking health campaign for the UK department of Health, aimed at encouraging 35-45 year old smokers, primarily in disadvantaged areas, to access NHS smoking cessation services. This group is traditionally considered difficult to reach. Public health relates to all the threats for the general Health of the society, focusing on the resident’s and non-resident’s health analysis. Health can be defined as complete body, mind and social welfare, but not simply the failure to be suffering from a disease or infirmity. It can be stated that diet, religious nourishment and brain balance, determine someone’s health. Health can be environmental, epidemiological, and professional/Occupational. The nation’s resources should be spent in saving lives and improving living conditions. Research and development on public health is necessary to determine the cause of disease and cure or prevention for the diseases. Thus, a public health campaign is essential for UK in the context of Anti smoking awareness. Public relation is an important management function of any organization and in this issue of anti smoking campaign. It dictates the communication environment be it internal or external, of an organization. It is often done to create and maintain an optimistic image and goodwill of the organization. Public relation is also viewed as a process to support, encourage and sponsor goodwill. It effects in not only the external environment like media, investors and public but also the internal environment like employee and investors. As Mr. Robert L. Heath said Public Relations is a set of management, supervisory, and technical functions that foster an organizations ability to strategically listen to, appreciate, and respond to those persons whose mutually beneficial relationships with the organization are necessary if it is to achieve its missions and values. (Wiki, 2007) With changing world perception, public relation starts from collection of data, identifying challenges and problem areas, and finally making strategies for implementing goals. So when it comes to health it Public Relation becomes more so important. It is not only health awareness but also controlling various health factors like cancer, tropical diseases etc. Here methodologies used for Public Relations are press releases, press kits, advertisements in newspaper, satellite feeds, web casts, wire service distribution of information and internet placement. Other indirect tools can be include entertainment product placement (television, events, celebrity), product launches, press conferences, media seminars, producing events, speechwriting and establishing partnerships. The most important aspect here is use of right media for right purpose. Anti-smoking health campaign for the UK department of Health One of the main challenges in facing the world is smoking. Every year hundreds of thousands of people around the world die from diseases caused by smoking, directly or indirectly. One in two lifetime smokers have been seen to die from this habit. Half of these deaths will occur in middle age usually in the age group of 35-45. Tobacco smoke itself is the reason of number of  cancers. The resultant mixture of nicotine and carbon monoxide, in each cigarette smoke can temporarily increase ones heart rate and blood pressure, straining the heart and blood vessels. This causes heart attacks and stroke. It slows your blood flow, cutting off oxygen to your feet and hands to the brain. Some smokers end up having their limbs amputated. Tar coats on lungs like soot in a chimney and causes cancer. A 20-a-day smoker on average breathes in up to a full cup (210 g) of tar in a year. Carbon monoxide can cause depletion of muscles, brain and body tissue of oxygen, making the whole body and especially the heart work harder. Over time, airways swell up and let less air into your lungs. Heart disease and strokes are seen to be more common among smokers than non-smokers. It also causes fat deposits to narrow and block blood vessels, which lead to heart attack. (QSS, 2007) The National Health Service (NHS) a publicly funded healthcare system in Great Britain provides healthcare to everyone normally resident in the UK. It is funded exclusively through income tax, and provides many services are free of charge to the patient. Other than normal healthcare NHS has been required to take on pro-active socially directive policies, for example, in respect of smoking and obesity. Here National Health Service can involve new media in its Public relation activities. The National Health Service of Great Britain has been using stop smoking clinics for quite some time now. It has been called a success after figures showed significant progress in disadvantaged areas. The study found 8.8% of smokers in poorer areas had quit at the four-week mark, compared with 7.8% elsewhere. The comparison is particularly relevant as smoking is a key factor in health inequalities with those from deprived backgrounds more likely to smoke. Smoking cessation clinics, offering counseling and treatment in the form of nicotine replacement therapy, were set up in 1999. (News.BBC, 2007) The age group of 35-45 for smokers is of particular interest to NHS. This age group primarily consists of new mothers and fathers to middle aged people. This age-group has been found particularly difficult to reach because of job related problems. In study it has been found children whose parents smoke during pregnancy or in the early years of childhood are more likely to smokers than those whose parents are not. This age group is also the most stressed among other groups leading or finding excuse in smoking. It has been found that quitting trends of smoking has been lower in populations in disadvantaged areas. NHS can use different methodologies with the help of new media to propagate these services. Disadvantaged areas or not internet and television are more or less available to most people on UK. On of the better techniques that can be use by NHS can be blogs, news feeds, social networking sites, news sites, patient review sites, experience or photo sharing sites, even games or interactive media. These can offer the latest insights to new technologies available for stop smoking. These pod casts can also be use to tell the participating audiences about camps going around and take updates from them about their current status of smoking habits on weekly basis as is normally done. This also ensures that the privacy for the participating audiences and even participate in some activities anonymously. NHS can optimize use of blogs and social networks for maximize positive exposure. It can harness the potential of the full range of new media channels like live-feeds, podcasts, life casts of smokers quitting smoking. Here patients can create their own content, writing their experiences of quitting; posting pictures and videos, and can also offer their experiences to other fellow counterparts. Patients can be allowed questions to a panel of elite professionals and gain valuable insights into how they wish to be cured and continue after the quit smoking exercise has been done. At the same time, evaluated results can also seen and effectively the impact of PR strategy with the help of Public Relation Strategy can found and if needed be altered. However, there is a significant advantage of the new media. New Media works best among a focus group of like-minded people. Visitors should be spreading the word to friends that will be interested in the topic, not to everyone else. Thus, in this context, the target audience (aged 35-45) would be accessed easily once the advertisement is properly carried out. When visitors are not even sure about the significance or meaning of targeting, how can they be made to act as advocates? The reward should be relevant to the target audience. The size of the reward should not be so large that customers resort to cheating. Again, the advertiser should control the response by ensuring that products are carried to specific groups interested in it. CNET regularly gives away technical content free to users. In return, subscribers need to take a link to CNET. This feature allows users to put up technical content in their websites. Participants in the program will naturally be placing the stories to visitors who will be concerned with trade or industry news. The relevance of the giveaway (free content) effortlessly brings in the target audience. The costs of improper planning, analysis and the wrong products can tip the scales instantaneously on a campaign. Though viral marketing is a relatively low cost advertising strategy, the wrong move could disable a company or product. A lot more is anticipated on this subject. However, to incorporate user-generated content into this communication plan it is important to process a well-formulated feedback plan from the visitors on the subject. For the purpose, a questioner on the subject would be presented and the response would collect, as it would prove to be the benchmark of this project and determinant of its success and failure. Nevertheless, a high amount of feedback returns would be almost synonymous for the success of this campaign. However, here is a shortcoming of the new media, it is the small working groups, and often numerous numbers of such sites can make difficultly for NHS. New Media tactics are designed to spread rapidly. One tells two friends who tell two others and so on till the numbers reach a highly critical mass. This is the same principle working in real time direct marketing programs. In the ambience of the web, growth is instant and so is the reaction. A good joke spreads to thousands in one day because it is so convenient to click Forward, and hit Send.   Such is the potential of a New Media program. We have often seen those â€Å"distress† messages operating similarly. When dealing with a web site the respondents might have to enter a site, registering, download a large file, buy things or request free deals. A 100-fold increase in traffic might result in just one day, providing the message is compelling enough and the proposition is motivating. More to the point is whether the advertiser’s server is ready to take this flood.   Is staff ready for this onslaught? If proactive plans are not in place, then the huge response will most likely end up in a backlash. However, other media programs would also be instrumental in the issue. Measures would be taken to fulfill the approach under various parameters. A multiple mode of public relation applications would be used like radio, print media, TV and live campaigns. Programs related to public heath would be aired on radio and TV to make the mass aware of the smoking hazard and the protection needed against these smoking related diseases. Live campaigns and kiosks would be incorporated in public spaces and within vulnerable communities to create awareness. Special units would also be prepared to persuade the health ministry with participants from all walks of life with possible influential backgrounds. It is important to create awareness both in the parameters of public and administrative strata and without the help of both the overall objectives of the public health program would not be fruitful. Conclusion In conclusion it can well be stated that crisis in western capitalism generated the operation of an interventionist welfare state has been resolved by transferring the burden of crisis to some groups among welfare state consumers, as earlier   discussion of the realignment of welfare policy in accordance to public healthcare programs formulation, specifically related to the anti-smoking issue. This shift to a theoretical model whereby the welfare state is seen as in process of ‘modernisation’ or as in ‘transition’ may well have supplanted earlier crisis theory at a time when the real crisis for the welfare state, in the case of public healthcare program formulation at least, may finally arrived. Bibliography: Croteau, D and Hoynes, W; (2003); Media Society: Industries, Images and Audiences (third edition) Pine Forge Press: Thousand Oakes Economist; (2007); Story; economist.com; Retrieved on 04.03.2008 from http://www.economist.com/surveys/displaystory.cfm?story_id=6794156 Flew, Terry; (2002); New Media: An Introduction; Oxford University Press, UK Manovich, Lev; (2001) The Language of New Media; MIT Press, Cambridge and London News.BBC; (2007); Health; news.bbc.co.uk; Retrieved on 04.03.2008 from http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/health/7127193.stm QSS; (2007); Harmful Smoking Effects; quit-smoking-stop.com; Retrieved on 04.03.2008 from http://www.quit-smoking-stop.com/harmful-smoking-effects.html Wiki; (2007); Public Relations; wikipedia; Retrieved on 04.03.2008 from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_relations

History Of Suspension System Engineering Essay

History Of Suspension System Engineering Essay For my assignment, I will be talking about suspension. I will explain everything from the early development of the suspension system, the research and development, the differences of each suspension towards application, and so on. The main why the assignment has been done is because it teach us and tells us all sorts of things that is all about suspension and why is has build in such a way that the suspension should perform depending on the type of cars. History of Suspension System The first suspension to be introduced is from horse-drawn carriages in the 19th century. It uses a multiple layer of steels, or in some cases, use wood as a spring. It is known as a leaf spring. As modern cars were design to move at a faster speed, new type of suspension are needed. In the early 1900s, shock absorber were being introduced in cars by a guy name The Function and the Purpose of a Suspension System The main role of a suspension system is to maintain a maximum contact between the tyres and the road surface, to provide steering stability and also to provide good handling during low-speed and high-speed corners. The suspension helps to generate as much traction as possible, depending on the driver and how the driver handle the cars suspension system and helps to minimize the body roll resistance. It helps to isolate the body from the vibrations of the shock absorbers. Roads that currently exist are not flat and straight. If the roads are all flat and straight, theres no point installing a suspension system for cars. When roads are not flat, theres a force reacting on the shock absorber and the springs through the wheel. According to Newtons law of motion, all forces have both magnitude and direction. The other main importance of a suspension system is that help to provide a correct alignment during steering, to reduce the amount of body roll, to allow the driver to turn corner agg ressively without extreme body roll and to prevent body dive, that is to reduce the body to tilt up and down during acceleration and braking. Two main components are responsible to all these kind of job that is shock absorber and spring. Spring The function of the spring is to support the weight of the vehicle, and to absorb road shocks being transferred from the wheels. The spring bounces up and down when passing through holes, bumps, and uneven road surfaces. There are all sorts of springs: Coil- It is made out of a special steel rod, which is made by winding a wire around a cylinder. It is most commonly used in light vehicles. The wire will twist when the coil is being compressed or stretched. The design of a coil spring can be a cylindrical, barrel or conical shaped, depending on what kind of spring that are required for the type of the car. The material used for springs have to be capable of withstanding high stress and resisting fatigue. In early design, designers use high-carbon steel, but today, designers use a very minimum amount of alloy steel such as silico-manganese are used. Leaf Spring- It has several flexible tempered plates with different length, which is stacked and being held by a steel clip. It is mainly used on rear-wheel drive vehicles, such as 4 wheel drive. The function is the same as the coil, but the only difference is that the leaf has minimum amount of flexibility than the coil. The stiffness or rate of a leaf spring is governed by: Length of the spring- à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬Å" the length of the spring, à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ the rate of the suspension Width of the leaf- à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ the width of the spring, à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ the rate of the suspension Thickness of the leaf- à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ the thickness of the leaf, à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ the rate of the suspension Number of leaves- à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ the amount of leaves, à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ the rate of the suspension Torsion Bar- A torsion bar is a long straight alloy-steel bar, fixed between the chassis to the suspension control arm. The torsion bar will twist at the centre of the bar when the spring moves upward and downward. The spring rate varies the length and the diameter of the bar. When the driver turns the wheel, the torsion bar will twist, and reduces the roll tendency. Air Spring- It is a rubber cylinder, filled with compressed air. This kind of spring is being used in heavy commercial vehicles and luxury cars. It provides comfort compared to the coil spring. The volume of air is being varied, depending on the load of the vehicle being added, to lower the vehicle, and go adjust the stiffness of the air spring. Rubber Spring- It is used as the main suspension spring, or fitted with a metal springs to improve / upgrade the suspension characteristics. Shock Absorber The function of a shock absorber is to help dampen the amount of bounce created by the spring. The absorber gives the spring the freedom of bounce, but shock absorber is there to help dampen the undesired amount of bounce and thus, create stability of the vehicle. Here are the few types of shock absorber being used currently on the roads: Hydraulic Shock Absorber- Most of the vehicles are using this kind of shock absorber. It is called a direct-acting telescopic type. Its damping action is being produced by the oil transfer, which is under pressure, and goes through the small valve which helps to restrict the oil flowing in and out. The most widely used is the twin-tube type. During compression, the piston moves towards the shock absorber. And during rebound, its a complete opposite. Gas-Pressurized Shock Absorber- In the hydraulic shock absorber, the oil heats up as the suspension is in motion. This shock absorber helps to reduce the dissolve pressure by using fluid with nitrogen. This improves the dampening effect, thus improves the absorbers performance. Load-Adjustable Shock Absorber- This type of absorber helps to pressurize the shock absorber when the springs are under load. By adjusting the pressure, it helps to maintain the car height and adjusting the suspension stiffness. This helps to reduce the discomfort of the driver and the passenger. In order to reduce the discomfort of the driver and the passenger, the driver can adjust the air spring manually. The construction is almost as similar as the air spring, where you can adjust the ride height and the stiffness of the absorber. Manual Adjustable-Rate Shock Absorber- The adjustable-rate absorber has a feature where you can change the spring oscillations by changing the rate of dampening. It has a damper rate adjustment located on the external of the shock absorber. You can control the restriction of the oil passing through by changing the valves in the piston. Electronic Adjustable-Rate Shock Absorber- It acts the same as the manual adjustable-rate shock absorber. The only different between the manual and the electronic is that the rate of the shock absorber can be controlled electronically or by drivers choice. This is a solenoid operated with the help of the ECU, which allows different types of modes to choose. Automatic Load-Adjustable Shock Absorber- Also called as self-leveling shock absorber. When theres load on the vehicle, the shock absorber will self maintain at a pre-set level. It automatically adjusts the height of the vehicle, depending on the load added at the rear axle. It consists of air-adjustable shock absorbers fitted at the rear, an air-dryer assembly, ECU, and an electrically-driven compressor. Types of Suspension System There are all sorts of suspension system being used today, and they are: Non-independent Suspension Solid / Live and Dead / Beam axle suspension system A Live axle is an old technology. It is a combination of a solid axle being put across the cars chassis, which is being connected at both front and the back of the wheels. This suspension is not independent, so when 1 wheel goes through a hump, the shock produced on that wheel will be transferred to the other wheel. This Live / Solid axle suspension consists of a drive shaft, a differential, and a strong tube enclosing all these things. The unsprung weight for this kind of suspension is very high because the whole axle assembly is fixed rigidly to the wheels. The result of an unsprung weight is that the more weight it gains, the momentum is higher. So in this case, a lot of momentum the springs have to handle because springs cannot absorb momentum, so therefore part of the momentum has to be transferred to the car body in a shock form. Because of this, this kind of axle does not provide a good ride quality. In the Dead / Beam axle, theres not driving axle on it, so therefore it has a very minimum amount of unsprung weight and it produces better ride quality than a live axle. Advantage Disadvantage Cheap Its not independent Body roll does not interfere with the camber of the wheels Theres no ride quality Simple construction The size is not practical When one wheel has a force on it, the force is being transferred to the other wheel DeDion axle suspension system In the late 70s, non-independent suspension market is stronger than the independent suspension, although the independent suspension were invented many years ago. The main reason why is because non-independent suspension is cheaper and offers better handling than the independent suspension. In this suspension, it helps to eliminate all the unsprung weight rather than the live axle suspension. It has minimum amount of unsprung weight is because the differential / final drive and the drive shafts are not rigidly attached to the rear wheels and therefore they are part of the car body and its flexibility to the wheels with the help of the universal joints. By using the DeDion technology, it helps to improve the ride quality by limit the wheel track variation when the suspension is at motion. In order to do this, the DeDion technology uses a sliding joint. The best part of using this is that it is always perpendicular to the road surface by keeping both wheels on the road surface, excludin g the body roll. Advantage Disadvantage Cheaper than most independent suspension Its not a independent suspension The camber are not being affected even with body roll The ride quality is not as good as the independent suspension The ride quality is more superior than the live axle suspension When the car is on a bump, both of the rear wheels will be cambered Semi-Independent Suspension Twist-beam rear suspension It is based on a large H shaped member. The front of the H shaped member is being attached to the chassis with the help of rubber bushings and the rear of the H shaped member is attached to the wheels. The H manage to get the support by using the cross beam. The cross beam serves as to provide roll stiffness during corner and bump. It has a twisting action when both trailing arms move vertically. Coil springs and shock absorbers are being used in this system, located either behind, or alongside with the wheels. It provides high motion ratio and the end result, giving better performance and the weight reduction. The location of the cross beam is longitudinal as the roll steer control and its camber compliance. Independent Suspension Swing axle suspension system Its an old suspension, first introduced by some sports cars in 1950s. This kind of technology has been phased out in 2 decades due to its weaknesses. The adjustment of the camber angles can be detuned by changing to a longer swinging arm. Usually, this kind of technology serves a lot of under steer, so by setting the wheels to a negative camber, it helps to reduce the unnecessary amount of under steer. Advantage Disadvantage Provides an Independent shock absorption Provides a very bad handling during corner So much body roll Tends to oversteer a lot Trailing / Leading arm suspension system A large piece of suspension that helps to support the coil springs, which are being located in front of the rear axle and connected to the axle of the cars chassis. The main role of this kind of suspension is to allow the wheels to move up and down and this does not allow the camber to change. The only time the camber changes during corners. The advantage and the disadvantage are the same as the semi-trailing arm suspension. Semi-trailing arm suspension system In this design of suspension, compare to the trailing / leading arm suspension, its pivoted in an incline angles, roughly in between 50 to 70 degrees. The feature of the suspension is the same with the trailing / leading arm suspension. In both semi-trailing and the trailing / leading arm suspension are rigidly attached to the wheels. So when taking corner or taking bump aggressively shocks and noises will be transferred to the cars chassis. But now days, automotive industry are moving to multi-link or double wishbone suspension. So therefore, the trailing / leading and semi-trailing arm suspension is going to be phased out. Advantage Disadvantage Its an all rounder, not much weakness Detuned version of multi-link suspension Understeer, but not much When the wheels are moving up and down, the camber angle changes Shocks and noise are being transferred to the cars chassis Adaptive air suspension system It uses air suspension rather than using the conventional shock absorber and coil spring. You can electronically changes the damping rates to suit the driving conditions. The air suspension inflates and deflates; depending on the driver weather the driver choose the height of the car. Advantage Disadvantage Provide precise handling Expensive parts Capable of handling heavy load Adjustable height and spring rate Torsion beam suspension system Majority of the small car segment uses this kind of suspension. Its half-independent, which consist of a torsion bar, which is being used to limit the degree of freedom when force is being produced when taking in a corner. Its more superior to its competitor, like the MacPherson strut suspension. Advantage Disadvantage Provides more leg room for the rear seat of the car and more space for the boot Doesnt provide the same ride and height quality as the double wishbone or the multi-link suspension Cheap Limited amount of freedom Easy to maintain Inferior in ride and handling quality Double wishbone suspension system In this era, many sports car such as Lotus, Ferrari, and all the famous top marquee car brands, are using this kind of suspension system because it can be used at both front and rear wheels, and to top it all off, it has almost near perfect camber control. Its has long been used in racing, sport and top of the range cars for more than 40 years as it provides better and precise control. Its main role is to maintain the wheel perpendicular with the road surface, no matter how aggressive the driver handle the car. In the early days of double wishbone, it consists of 2 parallel wishbone arms in equal length. The main problem with this is that the tyres are producing excessive scrubbing due to the variable track width when the wheels are shifted off from the neutral position. So engineers have given a best solution, which is to develop unequal length and non-parallel A-arms to solve the problem. By doing this, the engineers tilted up the upper arm. The shock absorbers and the coil springs are installed onto the wishbones because it helps the engineer to adjust camber and caster angle, toe, roll centre height and scrub radius. The reason why 1 wishbone is shorter than the other is because to make the camber negative. The shorter wishbone is installed on the upper mount. When it sets to a negative camber, the result is a positive camber gain on the outer wheel when the vehicle is turning. Not only that, the outside wheel gains back negative camber due to shorter upper arm. Advantage Disadvantage Proper camber control Not space saving Provides good handling Expensive Low unsprung weight A lot of components and needs more pick up points in the cars chassis Strong MacPherson strut Chapman strut suspension system Invented by a guy the name of Earl S. MacPherson in the 1940s. Ford started to use this kind of technology in the 1950 because of its low cost and space saving and thus, MacPherson is one of the dominating suspension system. In the design, the telescopic shock absorber purpose is control the wheel position, and because of this, it doesnt require an upper arm. It is very compact because the strut is build vertically. Many front wheel drive and compact cars inherit this kind of suspension system because of the space being occupied by the engine and the transmission. This design is not suitable in sports and performance car as its height requires a higher hood and fender line. And because of this, it doesnt provide a good handling and it has a little camber change, unlike the double wishbone suspension. MacPherson can be used in both front and rear wheels. Another kind of strut is the Chapman strut being introduced by a guy name Colin Bruce Chapman, founder of Lotus. Its another kind of Independent Rear Suspension (IRS) that is using a lateral link with a long spring strut. The features are the same as the MacPherson and its used for the rear of the wheels. Only some model such as Lotus and the Datsun are using this suspension but it has already being phased out. Advantage Disadvantage Small and compact Provides an average handling Cheap and easy to maintain Camber change due to body roll Simple design Excessive height Multi-link suspension system This kind of suspension system is being introduced in the late 1980s. More modern cars are using this kind of suspension system as it is independent suspension system, uses a minimum amount of short links being attached to the hub carrier and to the body, and it developed a consistent handling and traction. Its mainly used in rear wheels, not the front wheels. It helps to allow the individual wheel in the rear of the cart to move freely during bumps and uneven roads without affecting the opposite wheel. But during the Research Development of the cars, most manufacture favors MacPherson struts, swing axle and trailing arm because of its disadvantage of the suspension system. The multi-link suspension uses a few amounts of short links, being attached to the cars chassis. The link are being used to eliminate the changes of the camber angle during movement, and to control the Toe and Caster depending on the geometry design of the link. Some manufacturers use 3, or possibly up to 5 links to provide better performance. This kind of suspension is expensive, but an Italian company named Magneti Marelli, are developing a cost-effective multi-link suspension for small cars. In their new design, it uses a flexible links to reduce the cost and use a simple bushing to reduce noise being transmitted to the cockpit. Advantage Disadvantage Provides good handling More expensive than the MacPherson and torsion beam Provides good ride comfort Not compact Poor camber control Heavy Too complex Leaf suspension system Leaf suspension is the oldest suspension in the automotive industry. And today, there are still cars that are using leaf spring, mainly for 44, trucks, and other heavy vehicles. The leaf suspension makes its way in production in the 70s. Even some race cars are using leaf suspension system but only in dirt and asphalt. There are 4 kinds of leaf being introduced, and they are: The monoleaf: The spring is thin and provides a low rate shocks. But in this design, it requires an additional support of springs because monoleaf is not sufficient enough to support the additional load. Multileaf: Its made up to multiple layers of leaves with different length. Many 44 are using this kind of suspension as it provides higher spring rate and manage to support and control the axle. Advantage Disadvantage Capable of supporting the weight of the chassis The steel tends to lose its shape Able to control the chassis roll more efficient The handling will be affected when the sag is uneven Manage to control the rear end wrap-up and axle damping Not much adjustment Capable of controlling the lateral forces produced by the car, the same feature as the panhard bar Hard to install Manage to withstand braking forces Not much dampening so therefore, the ride will become stiff During acceleration and braking, it manage to regulate the wheelbase length Cheap Simple design Sliding pillar suspension system This kind of suspension features are almost the same as the independent rear suspension. And to be precise, it works as well as the current suspension system such as the wishbone suspension system and trailing link suspension system. But this technology is long gone in the 1950s and being replaced by wishbone. Sub-frame mounting suspension system In modern cars, reducing noise, vibration and harshness are important to the users. And in conventional suspension system, suspension systems are mounted to the chassis. In this suspension, it uses a sub-frame mounting to overcome the noise, vibration and harshness from the conventional suspension system. Its made out of aluminium to reduce the excessive weight. Rubber Suspension System The reason why rubber suspension is being introduced is because it can store more energy per mass than any conventional type of suspension. The rubber springs works during compression, meaning to say that it replaces coil spring. Twin traction beam suspension system Commonly known as a TTB. It is an independent suspension used by 44. It was first recognize by Ford in the 1950s. This kind of suspension has an axle thats able to break into two suspension members. This suspension is being used to minimize the camber and track change. When one of the wheels camber changes, the other follows but in an opposite direction. Advantage Disadvantage The suspension travel distance Camber becomes negative a lot when in corners Stability Reducing body roll Design Shock Absorber In the automotive world, there are 2 kind of basic shock absorber design that is still in use today. They are: Twin Tube design Gas Charged Twin Tube Position Sensitive Dampening (PSD) Twin Tube Acceleration Sensitive Damping (ASD) Twin Tube Mono-Tube design Air shock absorber Damper shock absorber Twin Tube Damper Low Pressure Gas Filled Twin Tube Damper High Pressure Gas Filled Mono Tube Damper Linear Damper Before I explain further the difference between these two shock absorbers, I would like to explain the basics of the shock absorber. Many people dont really know, or even care about the importance of the shock absorber. The main role of a shock absorber, in general, is to reduce as much movement of the suspension and the spring control as minimum as possible. To accomplish this, the hydraulic fluid helps to remove all these energy through thermal, or heat energy. The construction of a shock absorber is practically like an oil pumps. The piston is used to push the hydraulic fluid into the pressure tube with the assist of a piston rod. The hydraulic fluid is being forced to go through tiny orifices into the piston as the suspension is at motion, which is up and down. The resistance of a shock absorber varies, depending on how fast and the size of the orifices being pushed through the piston. Modern shock absorber can reduce the amount of bounce, roll, brake dive and acceleration squat because of the velocity sensitive hydraulic dampening being installed into the shock absorber. In other words, the faster the suspension movement, the higher the resistance of the shock absorber being provided. When the shock absorber is in motion, its moving up and down. When it moves up and down, it means the shock absorber is doing a compression cycle and extension cycle. Lets take a closer look at the compression and extension cycle. Compression Cycle In order for the fluid to move from chamber A to chamber B, it has to go through 3 valve stages in the compression valve. When the piston is in a slow motion, the piston pushes the fluid flows through the oil port but with a restricted amount of fluid being flown to the oil port in order for both chambers to be controlled. But when the piston are moving in a fast motion, the opening of the disc from the valve seat are open widely in the camber B and causes the increase of fluid pressure below the piston. Theres restriction in the third stage orifice when the vehicle are at high speed. Extension Cycle The extension cycle happens where the piston and the rod are being pushed upwards. When the piston are moving upwards, the pressure in the chamber A will be higher than the pressure in the chamber B and thus the fluid are being flown into chamber B by going through 3-stage extension valve. The fluid volume in chamber A is insufficient t fill into the chamber B because the piston rod are being withdrawn from chamber B and this causes the pressure in the reserve tube are greater than the pressure in chamber B, causing the compression valve to be unseated. Twin Tube Design Lets take a look at the Twin Tube design. This kind of shock absorber has 2 tubes, one is known as the working pressure or pressure tube, and the other tube is known as the reserve tube. As you can see the picture on the left, the outer tube is used to store excessive fluid when the shock absorber is moving upwards and downwards. When the pressure tube is short of fluid, the reserve tube sends fluid to the pressure tube. During compression, the fluid in the pressure tube sends fluid to the reserve tube. The upper mount of the shock absorber are usually being connected to the vehicles chassis. There are all sorts of rubber being used in between the shock absorber and the chassis in order to reduce road noise and vibration being transmitted to the cockpit. The rubber bushings are flexible, so therefore the suspension can move freely. In the picture, you can see that the upper mount is also known as the piston rod, and the bottom of it is a piston. The piston rod needs to be guided when its at motion, so the engineers use a rod guide; some call it bushing, to keep the piston and the piston rod straight. The seal are being used to keep the fluid and the pressure inside the shock absorber. At the base of the shock absorber, theres a base valve, normally known as a compression valve. This item helps to control the fluid movement when the shock absorber is at motion. The design / bore size of the piston varies, depending on what application. Most 44 are using bigger bore size than the sedan cars. And because of the large piston diameter, the unit will become larger and the potential control will be higher. With bigger diameter, the operating temperature and the pressure is low due to area of the shock absorber and the piston bore and thus, this provides higher damping capabilities than the smaller bore. There are a few types of twin tube shock absorber: Gas Charged Twin Tube shock absorber Position Sensitive Damping (PSD) Twin Tube shock absorber Acceleration Sensitive Damping (ASD) Twin Tube shocker Gas Charged Twin Tube Shock Absorber This kind of suspension system uses low pressured nitrogen gas in the reserve tube but the amount of nitrogen gas varies, depending on the amount of fluid inside the reserve tube. The purpose of the gas is to minimize the hydraulic fluid aeration to prevent the foam build up because foam can be compressed. The gas charged shock absorber provides engineers more flexibility to design the valve. The other main advantage is that in the vehicle, it creates a mild boost of spring rate. Among the other benefits of this shock absorber is: The reduction of roll , sway and dive, the handling is improved Providing better smooth control in any road conditions and corners Longer heat transfer in gas charged shock absorber Position Sensitive Damping (PSD) Twin Tube Shock Absorber The Position Sensitive Charged is still new in the automotive world. In this design, the ride control and comfort are optimized, thanks to the tapered grooves located at the pressure tube. This absorber provides a smooth and a comfortable by reducing the resistance onto the piston, by allowing the fluid to pass freely and smooth around the piston. Here are the advantages of this shock absorber: Providing a smooth ride Can easily adapt to variable road and weight conditions. Acceleration Sensitive Damping (ASD) Twin Tube Shocker The features of this absorber is the same as the other twin tube shock absorber, the only addition is that the compression valve is design to sense a bump on the road and automatically adjust the shock to provide better control of the shock absorbed. Mono-Tube Design In the mono-tube design, theres only one tube in the high-pressure gas shocks, known as the pressure tube. There are two working piston inside the mono-tube design, that is a working piston and a dividing piston. The mono-tube and the twin tube design are almost similar but the only difference is that the mono-tube can be install in any way, either mounted upside down or right side up, but either way, it still works the same. The unique design of the shocks is that it doesnt use a base valve, but it uses a piston to control the extensions and compressions. In the mono-tube design, it has a larger pressure tube to comply with the dead length, compared with the twin tube design. The downside of this design is that its going to be difficult for the engineers to install this kind of shocks into the cars instead with the twin tube design. The separation of the gas and the oil is done, with the help of the free-floating dividing piston. The gas below the dividing piston is pressurized, at around 360 psi to accommodate the vehicles weight. When the shocks are at motion, the movement of the dividing piston varies, depending on the movement of the piston rod in order for the pressure in the tube are pressurized at all times. Heres the upside of the design: Can be mounted freely, compare to the twin tube design, and helping to reduce the unnecessary unsprung weight The working tube can work harder because the working tube is exposed, so therefore can be cooled easily. Every upside of the design, theres always a downside: Easily destroyed when theres a dent Hard to install onto the passengers car that has a twin tube design Damper Shock Absorber Damper shock absorber, or as short, damper, are used to provide an optimum absorption of shocks and smooth lateral deceleration. The dampers can be powered by fluid, or mechanically powered.