Managing Your Time as an Adult Learner Research Paper

Dealing with Your Time as an Adult Learner - Research Paper Example An example whereby the educator can design the learning exercises in such a way, that the students relate to the idea being instructed, there is an incredible probability that, the students will distinguish themselves with the substance being instructed (Turner, 2001). For figuring out how to be efficacious, the need to set practical objectives is imperative. All procedures merit undertaking if the student is coordinated towards accomplishing a specific objective. Objectives permit students characterize what they work for and at what levels, they would likewise be in a superior situation to achieve their objectives. It is additionally basic to take note of that, making week by week plans is pivotal if people need to accomplish their set objectives and gauges. Through set calendars; students can distinguish additional time that they have, that can be committed to healing classes. With severe courses of events, students can make quality and continuous examination time. Making of calend ar records permits the students plan what they need to do in the next day. Calendars have been attributed for their capacity to permit students plan on what to do and what not to do. As indicated by Matema (2007) understanding one’s timetable is of significance to grown-up learning. ... Anderson, Samimi and Bohl (2010) contend that, time the board is the significant fixing in the accomplishment of learning among students. Figuring out how to oversee time necessitates that students concoct a day by day event list that should be continually refreshed. Organizing exercises permits students plan what to do first and as per their criticalness. The students are additionally ready to observe the repercussions of not following their time plans. The students should consistently refresh their aptitudes and be in a situation to evaluate their presentation. Grown-up students are confronted with a heap of hindrances in their course of study. Rothwell (2008) shows that, students must devise arrangements towards dawdling. The investigation suggests that grown-up students can deal with this issue through carefully following their set calendar. The calendar must be determined to limits that the students must arrangement their work in a way that won't strain their capacities. Hesitat ion is known to impart blame sentiments among students; a factor that depletes their capacities to perform well. So as to work without interferences, the more slender may need to comprehend the substance of their assignments, in order to dispense enough an ideal opportunity for every one of them. Along these lines, the students will be in a superior situation to comply with time constraints of the particular errands just as, obtain assist when with requiring in an ideal way. It is conceivable to dispense with worry in the students in the event that they comprehend the way that, they don't need to be great, yet do what they can inside the allotted time. The students should consistently endeavor to make their getting the hang of intriguing in spite of the reality it might demonstrate incredibly troublesome now and again. Indisputably, it is advocated to contend that, grown-up instruction must be fruitful if all the tips of viability are followed

Explain the Decision Making Process with Example of Your Own Essays

Clarify the Decision Making Process with Example of Your Own Essays Clarify the Decision Making Process with Example of Your Own Essay Clarify the Decision Making Process with Example of Your Own Essay Clarify THE DECISION MAKING PROCESS WITH EXAMPLE OF YOUR OWN. Presentation:- Decision making is a basic piece of the vast majority of the top chiefs obligations. Not so much as a solitary day goes without taking choices especially in present day associations. Henceforth, the board and decisionâ ­ making are considered as indistinguishable. Indeed, whatever a supervisor does, he can do it just by taking some choice. All issues identified with arranging, association, staffing, coordinating and controlling are engaged in dynamic procedure. That is the reason it is suitably called attention to that administration is basically a dynamic procedure. The endurance and future achievement of any endeavor is legitimately identified with the capacity to take opportune and fitting choice by the administrators. Accordingly dynamic is supposed to be the core of the executives. Parcel of arranging exercise is to be started by the chief before taking any practical choice. The chief needs to painstakingly design and choose what to do or what not to do. Wrong choices frequently are end up being either exorbitant or vain. To forestall such misfortunes, dynamic procedure stays to be the center are in completely arranged exercises of the cutting edge enterprises. The determination from among choices of a game-plan, as indicated by this definition, picking one strategy among options accessible is named as dynamic according to Koontz and Weinrich. In the expressions of George Terry,decision-production is the determination of a specific strategy, in view of certain standards, from at least two potential other options. We can characterize this ide a likewise as the way toward picking between different choices for accomplishing a predetermined objective. Each choice must mull over requirements and future vulnerabilities. According to Herbert Simon there are three significant strides in the dynamic procedure. Dynamic is tied in with looking over a few alternatives or thoughts and making a move to create a specific outcome. It is generally viewed as a discerning and consistent reasoning procedure. JRecognition and comprehension of the issue. JVarious choices might be created. Jcareful evaluation of choices accessible for taking a superior choices. Attributes JDecision making is a nonstop procedure. JThe question of dynamic procedure should consistently be normal when there are options. JA dynamic procedure should consistently be balanced and deliberate. JDecision making is a scholarly procedure bolstered by great thinking and sound judgment. JDecision making is all inescapable as in all degrees of chiefs need to take choices of shifted nature. JDecision-production is constantly identified with future as it were. Troes of Decisions: Managerial choice might be arranged into two classifications, the main class incorporates the normal, daily practice and immaterial choices and the subsequent class covers generally significant, essential and vital choices. Aside from choices are taken at various levels for meeting various issues. Oraanisational Vs Personnel Decisions:- As clarified by Chester. I. Bernard, the choices taken by the chief in his official limit are named as Organizational choices. These choices have an immediate bearing on the working of the firm. Choice identifying with remuneration frameworks or move of laborers can be refered to as models under this classification. Rather than this, a few times, choices might be taken by the supervisor in his individual limit and such choices are named as close to home choices. They may somewhat influence the individual life and mostly influence the association. Example,decision to stop the association goes under this classification. Routine Vs Strategic Decision:- Routine choices include little hazard and vulnerability. Subsequently, they don't call for exceptional judgment and thinking. They are for the most part related everyday lead of the business and taken tediously. That is the reason they are regularly taken at lower levels of the board. Then again vital choices are taken by the top level administration. It is possible that they are worried about arrangement matters or with long haul responsibilities of the association. They require careful getting, examination and best judgment, relating to area of the plant, kind of innovation and channel of circulation are the best instances of this sort. Arrangement Vs Operating Decisions:- Policy goes about as rules for future activity. Hence,decisions relating to approaches are generally taken by the top administration. They are viewed as significant since they influence the all out association. While working choices are authoritative in character, they help in making an interpretation of arrangements enthusiastically. Choices identifying with another motivating force plan might be named as a strategy choice. Choices identifying with the strategy of execution of such motivating force plot are named as working choices. Modified Vs Non-Programmed choices:- Programmed choices for the most part manages normal and dreary issues. For managing such issues, methodical approaches, strategies and rules are built up. Modified choices can be taken without hardly lifting a finger as everything goes as per some arrangement of rules. In any case, Non-Programmed choices spread essentially surprising occasions and difficulties. As such, every issue is one of a kind in nature. For managing such extraordinary issues, administrators for the most part allude them to the top administration, handling such circumstances , the director needs expertise,intuition and imaginative reasoning. Singular Vs Group choices:- Decisions taken by the person in his own ability are known as individual choices. Associations which are little in size can suit this kind of dynamic procedure. At the point when associations develop in size and height, complex issues do come into picture. Cooperative choices are viewed as the best under such circumstances. Cooperative choices speak to the considering more than one official. The different advances engaged with the dynamic procedure are as clarified underneath:- Step 1 Defining the oroblem The initial step is to characterize the genuine issue, cash and endeavors will be squandered if the issue isn't resolved accurately. That s why, exact determination of the genuine issue is important to discover right arrangement. We should take a gander at the genuine causes and for the healing measures by knowing the inward subtleties of the issue. Knowing just the external surface of the issue and showing up at choices may prompt deceptive ends. Stage 2-Analyzing the Problem Once the issue is plainly characterized, at that point, it must be broke down in the light of information relating to different components that overcome the choice. Each circumstance may have a few focal points and constraints. Important advances ought to be laid on finding the confinements and hindrances in accomplishing the ideal outcome. Important consideration ought to be practiced in evading customized inclination in making a decision about the specific components. Investigation of significant variables gives a sound premise to settling on viable choices. Stage 3-Developing options The examination of the issue becomes total once it illuminates a few elective arrangements. Actually, the accomplishment of dynamic procedure relies on the capacity of an official in creating elective answers for a given issue. This requires parcel of creative mind, understanding and judgment. Investigating the positive or negative effect of such options shapes as a strong base for trustworthy choices. Stage 4-Evaluating elective Once the choices are created , the subsequent stage is to assess them regarding their motivation, time , effect and goals and so on. Numerous a period, either minor expense or money saving advantage investigation is accustomed to draw out the unmistakable advantages of every one of such other options. Every elective arrangement may have its own benefits and de-merits. They ought to be contrasted and different choices to evaluate the genuine effect. According to Mr. Dwindle F Drucker, the significant models for assessing the outcomes of various choices are risk,economy, time and confinements. Steo 5-Selecting the most ideal arrangement Selection for the most part includes decision making. It is the last advance in dynamic procedure. The chief needs to choose such an elective game-plan which can make the top level augmentation to the objective. It isn't generally conceivable to choose the best option for a given issue. That is the reason the trough needs to depend upon such strategy which can yield great outcomes under a given situation and confinements. Stage 6-Imolementing the choice Once the best option is chosen, it must be actualized. This progression primarily manages the execution of the choice taken. It includes improvement of bit by bit designs, offering the plan to sub-ordinates and looking for co-activity from the destitute individuals. At this stage, the choice is changed over without hesitation. The choice must be executed in the ideal time and that too in a legitimate manner. Stage 7-Evaluation of Decisions The last advance in dynamic procedure is assessment. The genuine aftereffects of the choice ought to be contrasted and the normal outcomes so as to find the purposes behind deviations. This survey is a consistent procedure and it creates data for vital criticism for additional improving the dynamic procedure in future. Levelheadedness in dynamic Rationality alludes to objective and wise activity. A choice is supposed to be judicious if fitting methods are picked to achieve wanted targets. It infers that chief attempts to amplify the qualities in a given circumstance by picking the most appropriate strategy. A goo

The Well-Readheads Help You Cope with the Holidays

The Well-Readheads Help You Cope with the Holidays RJS: Well, my little snuggle bug, it’s the most wonderful time of the year again: the season of lights and spiked cider and compulsory family togetherness. I love me some holidays, but sometimes they can be stressful. And since it’s frowned upon to start drinking at breakfast, we need some books to help us cope with family craziness. What’s your flavor: books about families that are even crazier than yours, or good old-fashioned escapism? LH: I have the perfect book to start with: the aptly-named All Families Are Psychotic by Douglas Coupland, a darkly funny novel of a seriously messed-up family that will make your situation look a little more normal. The members of the Drummond family are reuniting after a long estrangement but absence doesn’t necessarily make the heart grow fonder. This is not just my favorite of his books, but it’s one of my favorite books, period. RJS: Maggie O’Farrell’s latest novel Instructions for a Heatwave might be set in the middle of a sweltering summer, but the dysfunctional Riordan family is chillingly realistic. When Gretta Riordan’s husband of four decades goes out for the paper one morning and doesn’t return, the children gather at the family home to air some long-hidden dirty laundry and try to figure out where their father went. I read it on a family beach trip this summer, and I can vouch for its ability to take you away from wherever you are and transport you to 1976 London. LH: Yes! I love that book. And it takes place on the day I was born. RJS: While we’re talking about the-gang-gets-back-together family stories, we also have to mention Seating Arrangements. Family dysfunction during a wedding weekend! That’ll give you some perspective when you think holidays are hard. LH: I love that book, too! And I’m super-excited for her new one. Moving on, a recent favorite of mine is Handling Sin by Michael Malone. It’s one of the funniest books I’ve read. This is a madcap road trip book, in which a free-spirited, ailing old man runs away from home, and tells his son that he will come back if his son completes a set of tasks that require him to drive around the country. There are some of the craziest, zaniest characters and encounters in this book. It’s my go-to book at the store when someone requests a “funny” read. RJS: My go-to funny rec, particularly for people who work in books, is How I Became a Famous Novelist by Steve Hely. A dude sets out to write a bestseller based on advice from formulaic books, and it actually works. It’s a hilarious satire about some of the all-too-true patterns in publishing, and it’s a rollicking good time. In a totally different vein, I want to love on Rosie Schaap’s memoir Drinking With Men. If you’ve gotta booze your way through the holidays, Rosie Schaap is the best company you could ask for. Do you have any fun favorite memoirs for holiday reading? LH: First I would just like to point out for the court that I love both those books! (Are we the same person?) Also, if you want to know how NOT to behave at a wedding, read the Hely. I’m cringing just thinking about it. As far as memoirs, if you like fun family nuttiness, there’s one of my favorites, Five-Finger Discount: A Crooked Family History by Helene Stapinski. In it, Stapinski recounts how she grew up in a family of criminals in Jersey City during the height of the city’s political corruption. I absolutely adore this book to pieces. Getting back to fictional families, there’s The Family Fang by Kevin Wilson, one of the oddest. The Fangs are into staging performance art pieces, and the parents are really wacky. The Fang children just want to be normal, but have to go along with their parents’ crazy ideas. There are some laugh-snort moments, for sure. RJS: Family Fang is so, so great, and it’s going to be a movie starring Jason Bateman and Nicole Kidman, and I just cannot contain my muppet flail excitement about that. LH: Holy cats, that will be crazy! RJS: And so awesome. I really hope they cast some kids as well and do flashbacks to the Fang family’s bonkers childhood. Speaking of bonkers childhood, maybe our readers should take David Sedaris or Augusten Burroughs along for their holiday travel? LH: Any of their books of essays will do, but they both have hilarious holiday-related books, too: Holidays on Ice and You Better Not Cry, respectively. I can’t speak for the Burroughs, but I know the Sedaris is worth getting on audio no one reads their own work better than he does. Now, for more dysfunctional fictional fun, I just read Josie and Jack by Kelly Braffet, and it was fantastic! It’s about a brother and sister whose beastly professor father mostly leaves them to their own devices in a big rambling house, stopping by just on weekends to home-school them. This book is delightfully smart and disturbing in equal measure. Loved, loved, loved it. It’s a little Cement Garden, a little Secret History and a whole lot of awesome. Now, kitten cheeks, there’s another effed-up family favorite that’s about to be a new Lifetime movie, right? RJS: No book puts the fun in dysfunctional quite like Flowers in the Attic. Lifetime’s movie remake (with Ellen Burstyn, Heather Graham, and Mad Men’s Kiernan Shipka) looks deliciously dark and twisty. It comes out in January, so you can dig out your tattered copy from middle school and give it a re-read over the holidays under the guise of brushing up before the flick. It doesn’t get any weirder than this, so we’d better call it a day. Tell us, readers, what will you be reading this holiday season? _________________________ Sign up for our newsletter to have the best of Book Riot delivered straight to your inbox every two weeks. No spam. We promise. To keep up with Book Riot on a daily basis, follow us on Twitter, like us on Facebook, , and subscribe to the Book Riot podcast in iTunes or via RSS. So much bookish goodnessall day, every day.

Oedipus Tyrannos by Sophocles - 1623 Words

Oedipus Tyrannos by Sophocles Sophocles uses a mixture of both visual and emotional imagery to create the morally questioning, Greek tragedy ‘Oedipus Tyrannos’. He presents the audience with an intense drama, which addresses the reality and importance of the gods that the Greeks fervently believed in. The play also forces the audience to ask themselves if there is such a concept as fate. From the very beginning of Oedipus, it is made clear â€Å"that his destiny be one of fate and worse†. The irony is that Oedipus unknowingly repeatedly predicts his own fate: â€Å"It was I who called down these curses on that man.† Oedipus has unconsciously married his mother and killed his father, just as the Oracle predicted. Fate is proven to be†¦show more content†¦The Greeks believed greatly in the gods just as this play reflects, this enhances the feeling of being disappointed with Oedipus. He appears to have been â€Å"reckless†: after all, as Oedipus says himself, â€Å"only a bad man would ignore what the God says†. Yet he does: he blames Kreon and Tyressias who informed them of the truth and labels them liars. At every interval in the play, the characters pray to the gods for their help and blessings. This would be appropriate because this play was originally performed at a religious festival. It is only in the gods that the Greeks hold all their faith; they beg them to â€Å"defend us, give us strength to drive out the pollution†. Ironically, Oedipus is, in fact, this ‘pollution’ and Sophocles again informs the audience that Oedipus’ fate is irreversible, the god’s decisions â€Å"always there, around him, encircling, tightening†. Sophocles uses the chorus to represent the audience and reflect their thoughts and emotions. The chorus is shown to respect and admire Oedipus, saying â€Å"he was good to the city† and therefore they cannot believe that he is evil. It is perhaps because they respect Oedipus so much, and because of their refusal to believe that he has committed any crimes, that they are left so angry and let down by their ruler when they learn the truth: â€Å"We called you our king and we honoured you†. When they learn ofShow MoreRelatedOedipus As A Tragic Hero1724 Words   |  7 PagesIn the story of Oedipus, Oedipus is considered a â€Å"Tragic Hero† because of the tragic fate and effect that he had upon his life. My definition of a tragedy is a great loss that has a unhappy ending to which concluded me to state that Oedipus falls under that category. Throughout the book, Oedipus is leading himself to his own destruction when trying to find the killer of the late King La ios. So when a journal article I found published by The John Hopkins University Press stated that a â€Å"tragic heroRead MoreThe Perfect Aristotelian Tragedy: Sophocles Oedipus the King918 Words   |  4 PagesAristotle considered Sophocles Oedipus the King to be a nearly perfect example of Greek tragedy. His reasons were based on the structural perfection of the play, in which the protagonists recognition of his circumstances (anagnorisis) comes at the same moment as his reversal of fortune (peripeteia). But the terms whereby Aristotle defines character in Greek tragedy are slightly harder to work out where is the hubris of Oedipus? An examination of the plot will demonstrate that Oedipus hubris is manifestRead MoreIs What Happens to Oedipus Fair? Are We Supposed to Respect Him? Would1625 Words   |  7 PagesSophocles uses a mixture of both visual and emotional imagery to create the morally questioning, Greek tragedy ‘Oedipus Tyrannos. He presents the audience with an int ense drama, which addresses the reality and importance of the gods that the Greeks fervently believed in. The play also forces the audience to ask themselves if there is such a concept as fate. From the very beginning of Oedipus, it is made clear that his destiny be one of fate and worse. The irony is that Oedipus unknowinglyRead MoreUnderstanding Fate in Oedipus Tyrannos1196 Words   |  5 Pagesview of the world and life could be personified in the plays and by the personages. It is the case in the play Oedipus Tyrannos. The play, written by Sophocles, represents the typical Greek view of the world with all the values that the Greeks wanted to show. This play is probably the best example to represent the typical tragic hero, in that case Oedipus. The dominant theme that Sophocles wanted to demonstrate in the play was the concept of fate and how nobody was able to escape it, not even the mostRead MoreThe Topic Of Fate Of Ancient Greece During The Golden Age1136 Words   |  5 Pagesdeclare war against one another shortly after. Homer s Illiad and Sophocles Oedipus Tyrannos had an effect on the citizens of Athens in the respect of fate. In both classics, fate is consid ered unavoidable and ultimately inevitable. The topic of fate during this time is an important topic to Athenians because they fear that a battle against the Peloponnesian League is inevitable, just like Achilles fate to die in Troy, or Oedipus fate to kill his father and marry his mother. In the Athenian perspectiveRead MoreOedipus Rex Study1464 Words   |  6 PagesOedipus Rex Study Guide The Prologos 1. What initial step does Oedipus indicate he has already taken? 2. What is the significance of Delphi? What is the message from the oracle at Delphi with which Creon returns? 3. What does Oedipus think about the clue Creon reveals about who murdered King Laios? What might this perception foreshadow? 4. What does Oedipus promise to do at the end of the Prologos? 5. Of what symbolic significance are the olive boughs, strewn at the alter steps asRead MoreOedipus The King, Oedipus Downfall And Lack Of Divine Attributes1461 Words   |  6 PagesTHESIS STATEMENT In Sophocles Oedipus the King, Oedipus’ downfall was a result of the sin of hubris, as he believed that he obtained attributes of divinity, which blinded him from the truth. PURPOSE STATEMENT Through evaluation and analysis of literary criticisms on Oedipus the King, it is shown that the reason for Oedipus’ downfall was his hubris and lack of divine attributes. INTRODUCTION Oedipus assumed he acquired the divine attributes making him further from the truth and nearer to his downfallRead MoreScripting Stage Space in Oedipus the King and Hamlet2416 Words   |  10 Pagespeople have long been studying and teaching plays as if they were meant to be read rather than performed. A central part of a plays meaning is the way it was originally designed to work on stage. William Shakespeares Hamlet and Sophocles Oedipus the King have long been included on academic lists for scholarly study as literary texts. As someone who has studied both texts in just the manner Hornby mentions, I would suggest that what is lost when a scholar treats a play text as literatureRead MoreMorality in Oedipus Rex Essay1785 Words   |  8 Pagesera and the time of the ancient Greeks Sophocles’ play Oedipus Tyrannus is seen as the quintessential model of Greek Tragedy. This is due to the intricate questions of morality that are masterfully woven into the literature and the fact that â€Å"perhaps no classical Greek play that has stimulated as much critical discussion† (Harris and Platzner Classical Mythology: Images and Insights, p.648). One of the dominant arguments the tragedy generates is whether Oedipus is responsible for the abhorrent crimes

Herculine Barbin Essay examples - 1091 Words

Michelle Kim September 28, 2012 HIST 312 Response Paper on Foucault Upon reading Herculine Barbin, it helped me understand the difficulties in which Herculine had, living as a hermaphrodite living in his century, as it is still very difficult to lead such a life now. However, many parts of the reading were ambiguous because she never exactly mentions the condition of her body or what kind of sickness she is exactly suffering from. Although she always mentions the fact that she is suffering and in a great deal of pain, she only goes as far to describe the way she looks from the outside and how the others perceive her sickness. In the beginning of the novel, I can’t help but be confused about Herculine’s sexual identity. She†¦show more content†¦Herculine always feels guilty about what she is doing, whether it may be falling in love with Sara or feeling sick. She has to be self-conscious about what she does because it can ruin her reputation. She had to hide her identity in order to get what she wanted. As a child, Herculine had a small problem growing up with all girls, because she felt a different intimacy with a girl names Lea, and that is where it all had started. Herculine was unable to control her desires later on, especially with Madame P’s daughter, Sara. Their relationship was so intimate that it was becoming painful for Herculine. Herculine was unsure if the identity she was carrying was right or if she needed a change. But she knew that no one was to know about the change because it would condemn her from society and shun anyone around her. She could not just be cons iderate of herself but needed to think about everyone else around her, especially those who were offering and giving help to her. She possesses shame toward her body and its undergoing changes. When her body starts to grow hair, she tries to hide it and when she realizes she is becoming more masculine, she feels uncomfortable with the transformation. Her refusal to show off her body to the doctor shows us that she does regret and dislike the changes that are going on in her body. It shows off her feminine side. Although Herculine was

The Truth That Everyone Doesn’t Accept, Do You Free Essays

A truth that everyone doesn’t accept†¦DO YOU? A topic for some people is the stain of society, a truth that many don’t want to accept, a consequence of society and therefore is not accepted. For us is just a lifestyle and we couldn’t judge it like a mistake. Homosexuality has existed since ancient time, homosexuality didn? t appear ten years ago, it isn’t fashionable or a disease; and then what is homosexuality? In our opinion it’s a normal condition that the people have had to accept like all society. We will write a custom essay sample on The Truth That Everyone Doesn’t Accept, Do You? or any similar topic only for you Order Now Homosexuality could be seen as an attitude towards life, everyone has a freedom to be as you want to be, even animal could be homosexual, everything stars for our birth, on one side is matter of hormones feeling attraction to the same sex since childhood, when the mind becomes curious. In biological perspective, it isn’t bad that a person who born with these trend, and has accepted himself and his condition, and he just decides to live through his life in company a person of the same sex; what is wrong is a father’s repression and the close mind and traditions of many people with â€Å"normal† tendencies, that people try to mold the other, whether religious, political, family etc, and its wrong just because that repression is what generates fears, confusions and doubts. On the other hand society couldn’t judge homosexual people just because exist a logical possibility that this person was physically and mentally abused in their childhood, or may be violated, all these criminal acts can be committed by a â€Å"normal† or heterosexual person, so why we judge homosexuals if a normal person could be a beast. Society also said that not have the same education a child who is raised by same-sex couples that is raised by partners of both sexes, because the child will need a father and a mother. To this, highlight those children who have died are the parent when they were young and not because they lacked the parent have to have a bad education. Or, highlight those who are children of single mothers and now are what? Now they are important people with good education. Homosexuality is not a disease or a virus, is a truth you must learn to believe, is present in life, everyday, and even more present in society. Homosexual people are not beasts as they are in some cases, terrorists, thieves, criminals, then why judge the person who loves the same sex and no other who does real harm to society? How to cite The Truth That Everyone Doesn’t Accept, Do You?, Essay examples

Safe and Responsible Driving free essay sample

Safe and Responsible Driving Being a safe and responsible driver takes a combination of knowledge, skill and attitude. To begin, you must know the traffic laws and driving practices that help traffic move safely. Breaking these rules of the road is the major cause of collisions. Traffic laws are made by federal, provincial and municipal governments, and police from each level can enforce them. If you break a traffic law, you may be fined, sent to jail or lose your drivers licence. If you get caught driving while your licence is uspended for a Criminal Code conviction, your vehicle may even be impounded. But you need to do more than Just obey the rules. You must care about the safety of others on the road. Everyone is responsible for avoiding collisions. Even if someone else does something wrong, you may be found responsible for a collision if you could have done something to avoid it. We will write a custom essay sample on Safe and Responsible Driving or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Because drivers have to cooperate to keep traffic moving safely, you must also be predictable, doing what other people using the road xpect you to do. And you must be courteous. Courteous driving means giving other drivers space to change lanes, not cutting them off and signalling your turns and lane changes properly. You must be able to see dangerous situations before they happen and to respond quickly and effectively to prevent them. This is called defensive or strategic driving. There are collision avoidance courses available where you can practice these techniques. Defensive driving is based on three ideas: visibility, space nd communication. . Visibility is about seeing and being seen. You should always be aware of traffic in front, behind and beside you. Keep your eyes constantly moving, scanning the road ahead and to the side and checking your mirrors every five seconds or so. The farther ahead you look, the less likely you will be surprised, and you will have time to avoid any hazards. Make sure other drivers can see you by using your signal lights as required. 2. Managing the space around your vehicle lets ou see and be seen and gives you time and space to avoid a collision. Leave a cushion of space ahead, behind and to both sides. Because the greatest risk of a collision is in front of you, stay well back. 3. Communicate with other road users to make sure they see you and know what you are doing. Make eye contact with pedestrians, cyclists and drivers at intersections and signal whenever you want to slow down, stop, turn or change lanes. If you need to get another persons attention, use your horn.

Cause and Effect Paper About Aliens Research Paper Example

Cause and Effect Paper About Aliens Paper Cause and Effect Paper Ashamed of Human Society Today With all the technical advances ( computers cell phones) and the medical evolution you would think that we would be proud of our society, but when asked to write an essay about if aliens came to visit our planet from a higher developed civilization would we be proud or ashamed of the state of human race today, taking a deeper look into our race I can only conclude that they would be disappointed. Would they want to breath in our polluted air, see the disrespect that humans often give one another based on a race or culture, agree with our disregard for other living things, agree with our decisions to get abortions because we can’t live up to our mistakes, or would they be aggravated with the lazy people who just live life on the government’s welfare. The first thing that I feel would disappoint these highly advanced creatures would be our neglect to the plant. Global warming is an ongoing issue. Although we know the cause for this epidemic we continue to drive our cars to and from work or school carrying on with our everyday lives. As the winters in some places seem to get warmer, people knowing the cause just ignore it. But, it’s not just the cars we drive and the pollution that we put in the air, it’s the neglectful student or classmate that see the garbage and yet, the garbage is still laying to the floor. In addition to the disrespect of the environment, when I think of what we humans are doing to our other fellow humans, I would have to say that I am ashamed. We will write a custom essay sample on Cause and Effect Paper About Aliens specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Cause and Effect Paper About Aliens specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Cause and Effect Paper About Aliens specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer People tend to judge other people simply by their race or culture and not for the person that they really are, or the things that they have accomplished in their lives. Racism is a big part of everyday life and it’s just not right. It can be as little as calling someone a hurtful name because of their color or religious beliefs or as extreme as murder. If these aliens from another civilization came here to visit I would be embarrassed of the way people treat other people. Also, not only do humans show disrespect to other humans but what about everything else that gets destroyed, how many species of plants and animals that get killed, how many countless billions of life forms are destroyed that we didnt hear about, that we didnt care about, that no longer exist because of us. Everything on this planet deserves the right to life. But most people only care about themselves now a days, they don’t have any regard to the other living things around us. Not only does this attitude and behavior affect humans, but it also affects the other life forms on the planet as well. All living species are interconnected and play a role in the environment. If one species becomes endangered or extinct, it has a huge impact on the rest of the species as well. For example, even though humans view bees as pests and try very hard each year to make sure these insects do not invade their yards, bees are a very essential part of nature. Bees are necessary in pollinating flowers so that they are able to reproduce. Without bees, this process would be impeded. This is an example of how humans take their environment for granted. In attempting to make life better for ourselves, we often mistreat the little things that help our planet and harm other species. Furthermore not only do we as humans have disregard for other living things, but a lot of people don’t even have respect for babies that don’t even have the chance to be born or live. Just because these babies are not out of the womb yet does not make them any less human, they still have a heartbeat. I believe that if you are old enough to have sex and get pregnant in the first place, then you are old enough to face up to your actions and be a parent. That’s why we as humans invented things like condoms and birth control, its your own fault if you decide not to protect yourself if you are not ready to have children. These creatures from a place or planet that is way more developed would most likely pack their bags and leave if they saw the insolent way in which we as humans behave in today’s society. Lastly, I am mortified of all the lazy people that live off the government. There are many people that have multiple kids just to get more money, sit on their couches all day and do nothing all day. A lot of these people drive better cars, live better and have better housing than the people that go to work everyday to make an honest living. I think that these aliens would be disgusted with these people that are totally capable of working that would rather hang around and do nothing and rely on the government to support them and their multiple children. I don’t think its right to the people that are working hard and have to pay taxes that go to these government fundings for others to abuse these funds and not work even though they are capable. In conclusion, even with the inventions we have created or the medial advances and cures for diseases we have come up with there are still many reasons I would feel embarrassed or ashamed of our society and how we live today if these friendly aliens from a higher developed civilization decided to visit our planet. Not only because of the way we treat our environment but the way we treat other people and other living things. But I guess all you can do is take the good with the bad, you live and you learn.

The Design and Limits of Company Website

The Design and Limits of Company Website Introduction Background of the study Often, emerging businesses demands information flow and dimensional communication systems modeled in websites. Websites are an essential tool for marketing, purchase, recruitment, customer services, and communication.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on The Design and Limits of Company Website specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Across the globe, small, median and large business organizations have embraced the essence of owning a website from which all its activities are centralized. From a website, depending on its design, it is possible for a potential customer, employee, and the general public to have a quick access of services offered by a company and even trade or purchase goods online without necessarily having to appear physically. Purpose of the study The design and limits of accompany website depends mainly on the cost of maintenance and design, relevance, and sustainability (C haffey, 2009). In relation to this, analysis of websites will include tools laid down for support, governance, and paradigm shift as communication technology experience metamorphosis. Website use depends on the magnitude of information processing, decision faculty, and collocation efficiency especially in marketing, identity, recruitment, and departmental control (Chaffey, 2009). In retrospect, it is necessary to address interacting facets of information marketing management and efficiency in communication via use of a customized website. This research treatise examines the various uses and design of company websites for orders, information, storefront, communication, job recruitment, and marketing. Besides, quantifiable website progress and interpretation for successful, efficient, and modern communication system management are addressed as constituents of organization management framework. In addition, the treatise aims at reviewing an efficient, successful, cost effective and sec ure website system to ensure competitive service provision. Problem statement Overtime, companies are faced with the need to develop an all round and comprehensive websites which are secure, reliable and relevant to their line of operation. In the process, there is need to align management goals vertically on the operating processors affordable in the value market chain. Unfortunately, sometimes this is not the case especially when vertical arrangement is erased by coalitions of competence and structural operations. To achieve the desired outcomes such as comprehensive information efficiency, security, and optimal information presentation, there is an immediate need to establish the most reliable website design for appropriate system administration and functionality within optimal Pareto efficiency.Advertising Looking for report on art and design? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Research Hypothesis Often connected to a network system, examples of websites include simple and complex models depending on the quantity of information available in it. Thus, the hypothesis if this research study is to review design and appropriate use of business websites as a form of information sharing within business environment in the twenty first century. Literature Review Theoretical frameworks According to Swart and Kinnie (2003), websites are essential in processing, retrieving, storing and distribution information about a company’s products, services, human resource, management systems and marketing for competitive existence and relevance (Swart and Kinnie, 2003). The main components of a business website include the company profile, announcements, online trade, blackboard, and information update buttons. These buttons are designed in a way that can monitor and detect alterations. From a software control system, websites have security systems, operation programs, utility support, and management systems (Swart and Kinnie, 2003). Websites can be customized to perform information processing requirements within a security monitoring range. Website system facilitates information sharing and marketing. Methodology Data Collection Business managers often have sole responsibility of managing information systems and marketing. Every year, the management set goals and flexible development plans aimed at facilitating growth in formation sharing and advertising products offered in the company website. For efficient information sharing, it must be viable and fall within the brackets of Pareto efficiency bundles. Website design is the focal point of its operation and inclusivity. By employing open-ended questionnaires in direct interviews, the research targets information managers of medium business companies. Due to the small sample size, this method suits the goal of this research. The questions to ask revolves around information, communication, recruitment, advertisement, and store front ma nagement as part of information available in a website. In addition, issues on reliability, efficiency, and security of this form of information sharing system are also asked. After data collection, simple swot analysis inclusive of quantitative correlation analysis of responses given is included on the inference. The findings revealed that company websites are essential in sharing information, management, and advertisement as a mean for maintaining a competitive edge and relevancy in service provision.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on The Design and Limits of Company Website specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Discussion and Analysis Explanations on relevance and use of company websites in information sharing clearly indicate a complete paradigm shift in marketing and information management. Websites has enabled customers to do their shopping online from order, request for delivery, to making payments. In the websites , recruitment has been made easier as potential employees can apply for vacant positions online. Moreover, customers are given an opportunity to air their compliment and complaints for services offered to them. Besides, dissatisfied customer may type suggestions for future improvement in service provision. As companies make alterations t factor in the comments provided, differentiation and brand growth is likely to improve as communication enhances. As an advertising tool, websites offer opportunity to customers to purchase goods from the comfort of their homes and make the company have a competitive edge above other players Conclusion and Recommendation As the social media grows, companies have embraced online marketing methodology in the form of social media websites where they can interact with clients and potential customers. Social medias are marketing tools that when well used can give a company a competitive advantage over its competitors. References Chaffey, A. (2009)  "Business Information Management†. Web. Swart, J. Kinnie,N. (2003). â€Å"Sharing knowledge in knowledge intensive firms†, Human Resource Management Journal, Vol 13, No2, pp 60-75.

Cloning Issues Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Cloning Issues - Essay Example Before any arguments can be discussed, we have to understand certain terminology involved in cloning. There are essentially three types of cloning techniques, DNA cloning, Reproductive cloning and Therapeutic cloning. While DNA cloning has been used in the laboratory for many years as an essential tool in Molecular Biology, it is Reproductive Cloning (Dolly the sheep was created using this technique) and Therapeutic Cloning (technique used to create stem cells) that are really the problem children of cloning. First let us look at therapeutic cloning which basically involves creating human embryos for use in research. The process involves the extraction of stem cells from blastocysts (fertilized eggs that have undergone divisions for around 5 days). From these blastocysts, scientists extract Embryonic Stem Cells which are Pluripotent i.e. they have the ability to form any type of cell given the right set of conditions. Many opponents to cloning say that the embryo represents a human being and that if it had undergone complete development, it would have produced a life, and thus the extraction was akin to murdering the unborn. The question here is, should the embryo be considered as a human being even though technically it is just a collection of cells And if not, then at what stage in its development can we consider that the embryo has life Then there is reproductive cloning which is the most debated of all cloning topics. Through reproductive cloning there is the possibility of creating human clones. Many arguments against human cloning involve the fact that the process of cloning has a low success rate. And should a clone be produced, then can the birth of such an individual be considered as unnatural Of course one could also argue that IVF is an unnatural form of reproduction, but then it has helped thousands of infertile couples. Another issue to be looked at is that the majority of animal clones that are created today have very low survival rates, with many of them having poor health and thus leading a short and compromised life. So if one were to create a human clone, that individual need not necessarily lead a normal and healthy life and instead may end up living a short and maybe agonizing life. Who should then be held accountable for the individual Also the concept of creating human clones for human farms where organs can be harvested for transplant patients is another area that has to be looked at. Can we really create human beings whose sole purpose in life is for their organs Don't these clones as individuals also have the right to live But the buck does not stop there; today rudimentary genetic screening is used on fetuses to determine whether they have any of the identifiable incurable genetic diseases and whether to abort the pregnancy. Though this technique has many benefits, one can also say that as individuals, do we have the right to decide who has to right to live and who doesn't And with such technology getting more sophisticated, where can we draw the line Very soon parents may look at other genetic traits and determine whether to abort a pregnancy, leading to a whole new form of discrimination. The thoughts put forward here are just some of the many topics that have to be debated by society as such to determine what is acceptable to the society

God's Responsibility for the Suffering of Innocent People Research Paper

God's Responsibility for the Suffering of Innocent People - Research Paper Example Natural evils whereby evil events, which man cannot control or does not initiate like floods, earthquakes and illnesses and moral evils which are caused by the free choices that man makes are the two types of evils that are found in the world (Fischer, Fischer & Hart, 117). Thinkers have advanced various ideas about evil with Thomas Aquinas stating that God created the universe with laws of nature that sometimes lead to evil, giving the example of the law of gravity that can make an object to hit someone’s head as it obeys the law. He concluded that God does not desire bad things to happen but allows them so as to respect the natural laws that he created. Job’s friends Eliphaz, Bildad and Zopher tried to offer an explanation about the cause of the suffering, indicating that Job must have done something wrong to warrant the suffering, and we could probably from a worldly perspective conclude that much of that which happens to man is caused by human behavior Fischer, Fisc her & Hart, 119). The friends continue to remind Job that God cannot chastise an innocent person. Jesus Christ Himself admonished those who he healed to ‘go and sin no more’. ... hat He could do what He wanted, meaning that being God, he had reasons beyond man’s comprehension for doing and allowing things to occur the way they do. Job 40:2 asks,’ shall he that contends with the Almighty instruct Him? He that reproves God let him answer it. While the answer by God may portray arrogance, God means that there are things that He does in His wisdom, which man cannot understand, with man being able just to see the short term but God seeing the long term. In Job 38 and onwards, God answers Job, declaring His incomparable power over the whole universe, asking almost sarcastically where Job was when He laid the foundations of the world, signifying Jobs insignificance in judging or understanding anything that He does (Fischer, Fischer & Hart, 117). God describes further the majestic and wonderful creatures that He has made including leviathan who He is able to pull with a fish hook, and that it is He who controls them and satisfies their hunger. God in ot her words informs Job that He is the one responsible for all creation and also what thinkers and philosophers call the law of nature. Job 42 sees a changed Job who repents in dust and ashes as he admits that while he had in the past only heard of God, now he had seen Him, meaning he had understood about the wisdom of God and that he realized that all along, God had been in control of the situation. The story of Job concludes that to understand God, He must be let to be God, or in other words cannot be questioned in His actions since they cannot be comprehended. Job seems to have understood that the world remains what it is, with good and evil, chaos and order all coexisting, with the option being submitting to the mysterious power and will of God because in the midst of evil, He will control the

Globalization And The Rise Of Multinational Corporations Marketing Essay

Globalization And The Rise Of Multinational Corporations Marketing Essay Is a process of interaction and integration among the people, companies, and governments of different nations, a process driven by international trade and investment and aided by information technology. In the world of international business there are lots of strategic options which usually used to measure performance of the business, but here will be using Ansoff matrix on the four (4) strategic options preferable, although each strategic option has its risks involved. 1.1 Globalization and the rise of multinational corporations and branding According to Smith and Doyle (2002): A further, crucial aspect of globalization is the nature and power of multinational corporations. Such companies now account for over 33 per cent of world output, and 66 per cent of world trade (Gray 1999: 62). Significantly, something like a quarter of world trade occurs within multinational corporations (op. cit). This last point is well illustrated by the operations of car manufacturers who typically source their components from plants situated in different countries. However, it is important not to run away with the idea that the sort of globalization we have been discussing involves multinationals turning, on any large scale, to transnational: International businesses are still largely confined to their home territory in terms of their overall business activity; they remain heavily nationally embedded and continue to be multinational, rather than transnational, corporations. (Hirst and Thompson 1996: 98). 1.2 Advantage of globalization Increase competition Globalization has made the competition rises due to technology, most business people has knowledge on how to capture customers by introducing innovation which increase more advantage to consumers, competition is always good to consumers because of the decreases in the price. 1.3 Disadvantage of globalization Terrorism This is one of the disadvantages of globalization, in view of the fact that when different people gathered in one place can create violence, especially murder and bombing, which is not good for business and for country and the citizens. 2.0 FACTORS CONTRIBUTING TO THE GROWTH IN GLOBALIZATION 2.1 The liberalization of international trade The removal of trade barriers has been the source of increasing international trade and changes in customers taste and preference, there has been more freedom of importing and exporting the goods / services exchanged from one country to the other, not only that but also trade protection methods have been minimal such as tariffs and quotas. 2.2 Technological progress Technological advancement has also help to reduce international barriers, most likely the use of internet facilities has more power when it comes to doing business online, its very easy and it can also help to reduce cost of transportation and other fair of travelling. Nonetheless, not only the internet provide such access to consumers but there are such facilities which create product awareness for consumers to see and be able to demand those facilities which encouraged globalization including, application of mobile telephones, satellite communication such as DSTV, global media networks such as BBC, CNN, AL-JAZEERA and VIDEO-CONFERENCING, which helps to lessen barriers to the business such decreasing operating / production cost. 2.3 Cultural awareness and recognition This has increased more awareness and tastes to some consumers; for instance, in the movie industry there are now more recognition on Hollywood, Bollywood and even Nollywood (Nigerian movies) 3.0 THE EFFECTS OF GLOBALIZATION ON BUSINESS ACTIVITY Globalization can not only provide opportunity to business but also there are some risks/threats in it. 3.1 Increasing competition One of the effects regarding globalization is increasing competition in business, such as mobile phones, in China due to high demand of mobile phones they are now trying to imitate products of other mobile companies like Nokia just trying to compete with them, and yes here in Tanzania, there are very high demand regarding Chinese phones due to its affordable price. 3.2 Economies of location This is one of the positive effects when trying to produce more products on location which is much more cost effective due to power of producing in economies of scale within economies of location, like China is the best place to invest since the productions are likely to be more cheaper, that is, the amount to be paid to one America employee could pay almost ten employees in China, that is the reason as to why the whole world prefers China to be a production place. 3.3 Mergers, acquisitions and Joint Ventures, franchises These factors allows business to spread around nations due to the forces joined between one company / country or business just to make sure they grow-up and fasten, for instance Mc Donald has decided to join forces by franchising the business in the world, which is true, has definitely became well known in the business. 4.0 DESCRIPTION OF THE FOUR ANSOFF MATRIX MODELS ANALYSIS Globalization makes alliances an essential part of a firms strategy in order to stay competitive and to achieve superior performance. To better capture global opportunities, firms tend to cooperate with other firms to capitalize on and leverage their limited resources since it is impossible for one firm to do it all and do it alone. Similarly, in order to cope with increasing global competitive threats, firms are likely to form alliances .Based on the classical industrial organization perspective-the market power, firms form alliances to reduce competition and uncertainty. Through such cooperation, companies gain market power that helps alleviate competition and improve its competitive position. The decision to enter into a foreign market can be influenced by globalization which could be willingness of the business people, who are willing to go far just to make sure that they expand their market. There are several ways to enter into a foreign market by using the Ansoff matrix as follow:- 4.1 Market penetration (existing market, existing product) Market penetration is one of the strategies used in the existing customers just to make sure sales are increasing without pooling the product out of the market, nevertheless by using market penetration they could use more activities just to make sure that their existing product is well known around the world, for instance to start advertising in multinational countries just like Dutch advertises their products such as, yoghurts, shampoo, milk and even other products, by advertising even in our country they do create such opportunities for penetrating and creating more demand for those who did not have an idea about their products. This strategy not only penetrating the product but also struggling to retain the existing customer for such product because its not very hard to get customers but retaining those customers is very hard job thus, there are lots of strategies in the world of business one of them is marketing, just to make sure the business is well known. For instance Coca cola company has been doing some of the broadening on its own and some in partnership with other companies (Daniels et al, 2008, p.570) just to make sure the coca-cola brand is well known in the world. The coca cola company has gone so far as to test the market in Singapore, Toronto, and even have the coffee shops. Also Coca cola company has joint venture with Nestle for tea products outside the unites state and a joint venture with Cargill to develop a new sweetener to put into drinks (Daniels et al, 2008, p 571) 4.2 Market penetration seeks to achieve four main objectives: Maintain or increase the market share of current products this can be achieved by a combination of competitive pricing strategies, advertising, sales promotion and perhaps more resources dedicated to personal selling Secure dominance of growth markets Restructure a mature market by driving out competitors; this would require a much more aggressive promotional campaign, supported by a pricing strategy designed to make the market unattractive for competitors Increase usage by existing customers. For example by introducing loyalty schemes (Mike Morrison, 2011) 4.3 Market development (new market, existing product) This is one of the market strategies which involve moving the existing product further in international market so as to gain more customers from international market, not only going across or beyond the borders but also attracting new customers in the same product so as to gain more advantage and even to maximize sales. There are many possible ways of approaching this strategy, including: New geographical markets; for example exporting the product to a new country New product dimensions or packaging: for example New distribution channels Different pricing policies to attract different customers or create new market segments Exporting is example of one of the market entry modes, which use a direct sells, goods can be produced within a country and exported to a foreign countries just to capture new customers with the same products which sold in home country. Example of Coca-Cola when entered the Turkish market, it tried exporting from Turkey to Kyrgyzstan, the result unfortunately was a soft drink price of more than four times what it cost to buy a soft drink bottled in Kyrgyzstan itself.(Daniels et al, 2008, p 575) Product its likely to expand more to the foreign countries and have more customers than the home country, this is due to the fact that in the home country customers could change their taste and preference due to time factor, that could be one of the reason why selling abroad so as not to lose market share, at the same time that unwanted product can be re innovated so as to have customers in the home country, for instance, by trying to change packaging of the products, or even change the name. 4.4 Product development (existing market, new products) This is new products in existing market, this is happening when there is product innovation to address the same market towards ensuring that customers are being more satisfied with innovation of the product, this can be done due to so many reasons like: Product has just gone out of the fashion Didnt satisfy customers due to taste and preferences Globalization issues (Mike Morrison, 2011) When the product has just go beyond the fashion it was meant like, here in our country( Tanzania) there are some shoes which are in fashion at the moment, it seems that all women use to wear such fashionable shoes that is due to globalization technology, we can see on Television through DSTV and other fashion Television. Nevertheless this fashion keeps on changing when time passes they will change that fashion in the sense that in the existing market and customers with more fashionable shoes. Didnt satisfy customers due to taste and preferences in the sense that customers taste and preference keeps on changing due to globalization and free trade. Businesspersons can import and export more goods and services depending upon the needs and requirements basing on customers changing tastes to better reflect customers demand. For instance, Tanzania has green tea of its own, but at the moment there are many brands of tea from other countries with different tastes like lemon, tea and others. Therefore, customers might be attracted to shift from the old brands to the new ones. The business could succeed if there is use of one of entry modes like the coordination between two parties, could be two or more people, companies, or even two countries, joint venture can be formed due to numerous rationale like, technology sharing and product development, market entry for a certain county, and even in compliance for the country legal actions, for instance quotas, taxes and tariffs. For example in case of China, it wholly owns its concentrate plant but has joint ventures with various bottling plants, coca cola ownership in foreign bottling operations has became sufficiently significant that it has set up a bottle investment group within the country.(Daniels et al, 2008, p 570) Joint venture can be of useful for the matrix model for implementing those four strategies in order to persuaded market expanding, for instance developing new market to a foreign countries could diversify profit, and even product recognition like Mc Donalds burger king, is well known all over the world. Globalization issues, here meant that, since it is very free to do international business, the world has just been like a village, China can come in Tanzania and do business with Tanzanian, likewise, people between these two countries can not only do business but can also exchange so many things like ideas on what to do business, how they live in their own country, taboos, cuisine, dress code, these can definitely make customers want to experience the differences. 4.5 Diversification (new product, new market) This is where the market is completely new, and products to new customers. There are two types of diversification, namely related and unrelated diversification. Related diversification means that remain in a market or industry with which are familiar. (Mike Morrison, 2011) The diversification can be divided again into horizontal, vertical and lateral diversification. The horizontal diversification is the extension of the production programs. The vertical diversification is the sales stage stored by products pre order. The lateral diversification is the sales of completely new products, which are within the range of the technology and marketing in no connection. (Mike Morrison, 2011) Diversification is an inherently higher risk strategy because the business is moving into markets in which it has little or no experience. For a business to adopt a diversification strategy, it must have a clear idea about what it expects to gain from the strategy and a transparent and honest assessment of the risks This situation is likely to occur to several situations when moving internationally, diversifying is a good strategy because it help to improve sales by having Strategic Business Units (SBUs) because if one product doesnt respond positively in the market other products might perform better, and that can at least reduce failure of the other products because obviously there would be wastage of resources but can be covered to some extent., or even though business can be diversify by using international entry modes to create brand awareness. For instance, franchising This is one of the market entries which assist market expanding when need to go international, franchisor allow franchisee to use the name of the business so as to expand his/ her market share, this is tremendous fine due to the fact that one can have higher profit for the expansion of sells by using someone elses name and business formulae, For instance coca cola company, if franchise with them, they will surely provide formulae, then franchisee will only have to mix with water to have formulae complete. Another example is from Mc Donalds; franchisee should be provided with each and every aspect which will accomplish the meal with the same taste as if were produced by Mc Donalds company, though it is costly. Not only that but also they could even use licensing to which indispensable part when going global, as a means to penetrate into global market, so as to have legal when it comes to use property of your licensor, for instance intangible property such as patents, trademark, and production techniques. The licensee needs to pay fee to the licensor to be able to have the technique assistance if possible, there it will be possible for licensee to market his/her product by using the matrix model, like selling more of the products outside the home country and diversify the profit Conclusion Globalization controlling the world, the whole world has became such a small world, this situation made people to know good and bad due to expansion of technology, therefore applying Ansoff matrix tools when doing business is the most preferable way to do so since it well analyze how managers should behave when going international. APPENDIX 1.1 THE ANSOFF MATRIX FIGURE http://www.mindtools.com/media/Diagrams/AnsoffFig1.gif

Chapter 10 Basic Organizational Design

Chapter 10 Basic Organizational Design Once managers are done planning, then what? This is when managers need to begin to â€Å"work the plan. † And the first step in doing that involves designing an appropriate organizational structure. This chapter covers the decisions involved with designing this structure. Focus on the following learning outcomes as you read and study this chapter. LEARNING OUTCOMES 10. 1 Describe six key elements in organizational design. 10. 2 Contrast mechanistic and organic structures. 10. 3 Discuss the contingency factors that favor either the mechanistic model or the organic model of organizational design. 0. 4 Describe traditional organizational designs. A MANAGER’S DILEMMA How can we design an organizational structure that will help us accomplish our company’s goals? Should our structure be tall or flat? Traditional or contemporary? Will our chosen design enhance our capacity to continuously learn, adapt, and change in a dynamic globa l environment? As tomorrow’s managers, many of your students will soon face these questions. In Chapter 10, students learn about various elements of organizational structure, the contingency factors that influence organizational design, and traditional and contemporary design.In addition, they will study design challenges encountered by managers who work in a variety of organizational structures. â€Å"A Manager’s Dilemma† highlights some of the problems in store for Eli Lilly & Company, a major US pharmaceutical company. Eli Lilly & Co. stands to lose $10 billion in annual revenues between now and 2016 as three of its major drug patents expire. As CEO, John Lechleiter’s job is to find foster new drug development to replace the projected loss revenue. While other pharmaceutical companies are seeking a merger route to acquire new drugs, Eli Lilly One has decided to revamp the company’s operational tructure into five global business units and create an improved product research and development center. Students should address other organizational design elements Lechleiter might use to ensure that Lilly achieves its goal of speeding up its product development process? From the information presented here, it appears that Eli Lilly’s has adopted a product structure which offers the advantage of being more responsive to changes in the external environment. Eli Lilly may also want to create more teams in their structure as well as take advantage of technology with virtual teams.CHAPTER OUTLINE INTRODUCTION Designing organizational structure involves the process of organizing (the second management function) and plays an important role in the success of a company. 10. 1 DEFINING ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE Managers need to establish structural designs that will best support and allow employees to do their work effectively and efficiently. Several important terms must be defined in order to understand the elements of organizationa l structure and design: 1. Organizing is arranging and structuring work to accomplish the organization’s goals.This process has several purposes, as shown in Exhibit 10-1. 2. Organizational structure is the formal arrangement of jobs within an organization. 3. Organizational design is developing or changing an organization’s structure. This process involves decisions about six key elements: work specialization, departmentalization, chain of command, span of control, centralization/ decentralization, and formalization. Chapter 10 examines each of these structural elements. A. Work Specialization. Work specialization is dividing work activities into separate job tasks.Most of today’s managers regard work specialization as an important organizing mechanism, but not as a source of ever-increasing productivity. Exhibit 10-2 illustrates the human diseconomies from division of labor—boredom, fatigue, stress, low productivity, poor quality, increased absenteeism, and high turnover— eventually exceed the economic advantages created by work specialization. B. Departmentalization. When work tasks have been defined, they must be arranged in order to accomplish organizational goals.This process, known as departmentalization, is the basis by which jobs are grouped. There are five major ways to departmentalize (see Exhibit 10-3): 1. Functional departmentalization groups jobs by functions performed. 2. Product departmentalization groups jobs by product line. 3. Geographical departmentalization groups jobs on the basis of geographical region. 4. Process departmentalization groups jobs on the basis of product or customer flow. 5. Customer departmentalization groups jobs on the basis of specific and unique customers who have common needs. 6.Popular trends in departmentalization include the following: a. Customer departmentalization continues to be a highly popular approach because it allows better monitoring of customers’ needs and respo nds to changes in the needs of customers. b. Cross-functional teams, which are work teams composed of individuals from various functional specialties, are being used along with traditional departmental arrangements. C. Chain of Command. The chain of command is the line of authority extending from upper organizational levels to the lowest levels, which clarifies who reports to whom.Three concepts related to chain of command are authority, responsibility, and unity of command. 1. Authority is the rights inherent in a managerial position to tell people what to do and to expect them to do it. a. The acceptance theory of authority proposed by Chester Barnard says that authority comes from the willingness of subordinates to accept it. Barnard contended that subordinates will accept orders only if the following conditions are satisfied: 1. They understand the order. 2.They feel the order is consistent with the organization’s purpose. 3. The order does not conflict with their persona l beliefs. 4. They are able to perform the task as directed. b. Line authority entitles a manager to direct the work of an employee. It is the employer–employee authority relationship that extends from the top of the organization to the lowest echelon, according to the chain of command, as shown in Exhibit 10-4. c. Staff authority functions to support, assist, advise, and generally reduce some of their informational burdens.Exhibit 10-5 illustrates line and staff authority. 2. Responsibility is the obligation to perform any assigned duties. 3. Unity of command is the management principle that each person should report to only one manager. D. Span of Control. Span of control is the number of employees a manager can efficiently and effectively manage. 1. The span of control concept is important because it determines how many levels and managers an organization will have. (See Exhibit 10-6 for an example) 2. What determines the â€Å"ideal† span of control?Contingency fac tors such as the skills and abilities of the manager and the employees, the characteristics of the work being done, similarity and complexity of employee tasks, the physical proximity of subordinates, the degree to which standardized procedures are in place, the sophistication of the organization’s information system, the strength of the organization’s culture, and the preferred style of the manager influence the ideal number of subordinates. 3. The trend in recent years has been toward wider (larger) spans of control. E. Centralization and Decentralization.The concepts of centralization and decentralization address who, where, and how decisions are made in organizations. 1. Centralization is the degree to which decision making is concentrated at upper levels of the organization. 2. Decentralization is the degree to which lower-level employees provide input or actually make decisions. 3. The current trend is toward decentralizing decision making in order to make organi zations more flexible and responsive. 4. Employee empowerment is giving employees more authority (power) to make decisions. . A number of factors influence the degree of centralization or decentralization in an organization (see Exhibit 10-7). F. Formalization refers to the degree to which jobs within an organization are standardized and the extent to which employee behavior is guided by rules and procedures. 1. In a highly formalized organization, employees have little discretion, and a high level of consistent and uniform output exists. Formalized organizations have explicit job descriptions, many organizational rules, and clearly defined procedures. 2.In a less-formalized organization, employees have much freedom and can exercise discretion in the way they do their work. 3. Formalization not only fosters relatively unstructured job behaviors, but also eliminates the need for employees to consider alternatives. 4. The degree of formalization can vary widely between organizations a nd even within organizations. 10. 2 MECHANISTIC AND ORGANIC STRUCTURES Organizations do not have identical structures. Even companies of comparable size do not necessarily have similar structures. A. Two Models of Organizational Design. See Exhibit 10-8) 1. A mechanistic organization is an organizational design that is rigid and tightly controlled. It is characterized by high specialization, rigid departmentalization, narrow spans of control, high formalization, a limited information network, and little participation in decision making by lower-level employees. 2. An organic organization is an organizational design that is highly adaptive and flexible. It is characterized by little work specialization, minimal formalization, and little direct supervision of employees. 3.Under what circumstances is each design favored? It â€Å"depends† on contingency variables. 10. 3 CONTINGENCY FACTORS Appropriate organizational structure depends upon four contingency variables: A. Strategy and structure. The organization’s strategy is one of the contingency variables that influences organizational design. 1. Alfred Chandler originated the strategy-structure relationship. His finding that structure follows strategy indicates that as organizations change their strategies, they must change their structure to support that strategy. . Most current strategy/structure frameworks focus on three strategy dimensions: a) Innovation needs the flexibility and free flow of information present in the organic organization. b) Cost minimization needs the efficiency, stability, and tight controls of the mechanistic organization. c) Imitation uses some of the characteristics of both mechanistic and organic organizations. B. Size and structure. Considerable historical evidence indicates that an organization’s size significantly affects its structure.Larger organizations tend to have more specialization, departmentalization, centralization, and formalization, although the si ze-structure relationship is not linear. C. Technology has been shown to affect an organization’s choice of structure. 1. Every organization uses some form of technology to transform inputs into outputs. 2. Joan Woodward’s study of structure and technology shows that organizations adapt to their technology. She found that three distinct technologies have increasing levels of complexity and sophistication. a) Unit production is the production of items in units or small batches. ) Mass production is the production of items in large batches. c) Process production is the production of items in continuous processes. 3. Woodward found in her study of these three groups that distinct relationships exist among these technologies, the subsequent structure of the organization, and the effectiveness of the organization. Exhibit 10-9 and provides a summary of these findings. LEADERS WHO MAKE A DIFFERENCE As the first female CEO of Avon, Andrea Jung has held that position for a dec ade—the most-tenured female CEO in the Fortune 500. Ms.Jung clearly understands the importance of organizational design in helping her global company prosper in good times and bad. This part of her job is especially challenging considering that 70 percent of Avon’s sales are in developing countries. Ms. Jung has made tough decisions to restructure, refocus, and redefine the company’s strategies and created an organizational design to help it continue its success as the leading women’s beauty products company. D. Environmental uncertainty and structure Environmental uncertainty is the final contingency factor that has been shown to affect organizational structure.Environmental uncertainty may be managed by making adjustments in the organization’s structure. The more uncertain the environment, the more flexible and responsive the organization needs to be. 10. 4 TRADITIONAL ORGANIZATIONAL DESIGNS A number of different organizational designs can be fou nd in today’s organizations. Exhibit 10-8 summarizes the strengths and weaknesses of each of these designs. A. A simple structure is an organizational design with low departmentaliza-tion, wide spans of control, authority centralized in a single person, and little formalization. . Strengths of the simple structure are its flexibility, speed, clear accountability and low maintenance costs. 2. The major limitation of a simple structure is that it is most effective when used in small organizations. B. As an organization grows, its structure tends to become more specialized and formalized. When contingency factors favor a bureaucratic or mechanistic design, one of the following two options is likely to be used: 1. A functional structure is an organizational design that groups similar or related occupational specialties together. . A divisional structure is an organizational structure made up of separate, semiautonomous units or divisions. LET’S GET REAL: MY RESPONSE Cindy Brewer Customer Contact Channel Manager Sears Holdings Corporation Loves Park, IL Cindy offers several recommendations for Eli Lilly & Company. To better the structure of the organization, she recommends the use of more flexible structures, i. e. a divisional and organic structure, while at the same time including a mechanistic structure to help speed up certain aspects of the drug approval process.Her final recommendation, to ‘create cross-functional teams across the business units to share best practices and key learning to increase the product development process’ is an insightful one in that it leverages the power of teams to aid in the decision making process and at the same time create a learning/innovation based climate. Answers to Review and Discussion Questions 1. Discuss the traditional and contemporary views of each of the six key elements of organizational design. Traditionally, work specialization was viewed as a way to divide work activities into separate job tasks.Today’s view is that it is an important organizing mechanism but it can lead to problems. The chain of command and its companion concepts—authority, responsibility, and unity of command—were viewed as important ways of maintaining control in organizations. The contemporary view is that they are less relevant in today’s organizations. The traditional view of span of control was that managers should directly supervise no more than five to six individuals. The contemporary view is that the span of control depends on the skills and abilities of the manager and the employees and on the characteristics of the situation. . Can an organization’s structure be changed quickly? Why or why not? Should it be changed quickly? Explain. The speed with which structural changes can be implemented depends partly upon an organization’s size. A small organization is usually able to change its structure more rapidly than a larger one because a smaller c ompany has fewer employees who are involved in the restructuring process. However, a large organization can change its structure and often does in response to changing environmental conditions and changing strategies. 3. Contrast mechanistic and organic organizations.A mechanistic organization is a rigid and tightly controlled structure. An organic organization is highly adaptive and flexible. 4. Would you rather work in a mechanistic or an organic organization? Why? Students’ answers to this question will vary. Many students prefer the structure provided by a mechanistic organization, whereas others would be less productive in an organization with structural rigidity. Note that SAL #III. A. 1 â€Å"What Type of Organization Structure Do I Prefer? † addresses whether each of your students would like to work in a bureaucracy (a mechanistic organization).Students might want to revisit this assessment in answering this question. 5. Explain the contingency factors that aff ect organizational design. An organization’s structure should support the strategy. If the strategy changes, the structure also should change. An organization’s size can affect its structure up to a certain point. Once an organization reaches a certain size (usually around 2,000 employees), it’s fairly mechanistic. An organization’s technology can affect its structure. An organic structure is most effective with unit production and process production technology.A mechanistic structure is most effective with mass production technology. The more uncertain an organization’s environment, the more it needs the flexibility of an organic design. 6. Contrast the three traditional organizational designs. A simple structure is one with low departmentalization, wide spans of control, authority centralized in a single person, and little formalization. A functional structure groups similar or related occupational specialties together. A divisional structure is made up of separate business units or divisions. 7.With the availability of advanced information technology that allows an organization’s work to be done anywhere at any time, is organizing still an important managerial function? Why or why not? Although an organization’s work may be done anywhere at any time, organizing remains a vital managerial function because the work that must be accomplished still must be divided, grouped, and coordinated. 8. Researchers are now saying that efforts to simplify work tasks actually have negative results for both companies and their employees. Do you agree? Why or why not? Studies as far back as 1924 show that simplified jobs lead to boredom.In 1950 other researchers found that highly segmented and simplified jobs resulted in lower employee morale and output. Other consequences of low employee motivation include absenteeism and high employee turnover, both very costly for businesses. ETHICS DILEMMA Shortly after the BP oil spill, B P engaged in a campaign to improve their image including buying domain names that referred to terms like ‘oil spill’ and ‘oil spill claims. ’ A company spokeswoman said â€Å"the strategy is to assist those who are most impacted and help them find the right forms and the right people quickly and effectively. Is this an ethical issue? What ethical concerns do students see in BP doing this? What stakeholders might be affected by BP’s actions (buying the search terms)? In what ways might these stakeholders be affected? While some students may not see this as unethical, there is a question as to whether BP acquired the domain names to better inform the public or to control information access. By controlling information, BP could put their ‘spin’ on events or even keep the domain names idle so that they could not be used by others to distribute negative information about the company actions.Ultimately, with a disaster as large as this one, t here were many stakeholders affected – fisherman, rig workers, hotel owners, management, and employees. Without access to information, these stakeholders may be unaware of their rights to sue or file claims against BP. SKILLS EXERCISE: DEVELOPING YOUR EMPOWERING PEOPLE (DELEGATING) SKILLS A manager’s job is to do things through other people. This requires that a manager learn to trust and empower those they supervise. In this exercise, the author gives five behaviors for effective delegation.Students are to then to read through the scenario and write a paper describing how they would handle the situation described. In the scenario, Ann is already following several of guidelines given for recommendation, by clarifying the assignment and allowing Ricky to participate. In Ricky’s meeting with Bill, he will have to follow his Boss’s lead and follow the recommendations as well. He should first clarify the assignment and what Bill will be able to include (and n ot include) in the manual. It will also be a good idea if Ricky and Bill get other employees’ input on the policy manual – since it will be used by everyone in the organization.Finally, Ricky should establish a feedback channel so that Bill can ask questions and Ricky can keep tract of Bill’s progress. WORKING TOGETHER: TEAM EXERCISE Form groups of three to four students and have each group choose an organization with which students in the group are familiar (where students work, a student organization to which they belong, your college or university, etc. ). Have students draw an organization chart of this organization. Students should show departments (or groups) and especially be careful to get the chain of command correct.Students should be prepared to share their chart with the class. If this is done outside of class as an assignment, it may be a good idea to have students use Microsoft PowerPoint to prepare the chart. PowerPoint has an option to draw organ izational charts in the Smartart menu. Your Turn to be a Manager †¢ Find three different examples of organizational charts. In a report, describe each of them. Try to decipher the organization’s use of organizational design elements, especially departmentalization, chain of command, centralization–decentralization, and formalization. Survey at least 10 different managers about how many employees they supervise. Also ask them whether they feel they could supervise more employees or whether they feel the number they supervise is too many. Graph your survey results and write a report describing what you found. Draw some conclusions about span of control. †¢ Draw an organizational chart of an organization with which you’re familiar (where you work, a student organization to which you belong, your college or university, etc. ). Be very careful in showing the departments (or groups) and especially be careful to get the chain of command correct.Be prepared to share your chart with the class. †¢ Using the organizational chart you just created, redesign the organization’s structure. What structural changes might make this organization more efficient and effective? Write a report describing what you would do and why. Be sure to include an example of the original organizational chart as well as a chart of your proposed revision of the organizational structure. †¢ Steve’s and Mary’s suggested readings: Gary Hamel, The Future of Management (Harvard Business School Press, 2007); Thomas Friedman, The World Is Flat 3. (Picador, 2007); Harold J. Leavitt, Top Down: Why Hierarchies Are Here to Stay and How to Manage Them More Effectively (Harvard Business School Press, 2005); and Thomas W. Malone, The Future of Work (Harvard Business School Press, 2004). †¢ Choose one of the three topics discussed in the section on today’s organizational design challenges. Research this topic and write a paper about it. Fo cus on finding current information and current examples of companies dealing with these issues. †¢ In your own words, write down three things you learned in this chapter about being a good manager. Self-knowledge can be a powerful learning tool. Go to mymanagementlab and complete these self-assessment exercises: How Well Do I Handle Ambiguity? What Type of Organizational Structure Do I Prefer? How Good Am I at Playing Politics? How Willing Am I to Delegate? Using the results of your assessments, identify personal strengths and weaknesses. What will you do to reinforce your strengths and improve your weaknesses? Answers to Case Application Questions Ask Chuck 1. Describe and evaluate what Charles Schwab is doing. It is easy for a company to lose sight of their goals.While other lines of business may be potential money makers, going beyond a firm’s core competence can lead a firm into financial trouble. In this case, students should see how Charles Schwab has stayed true t o its primary business – making stock trades for investors who make their own financial decisions. Another goal of Schwab is customer service. In the example of Cheryl Pasquale, we can see how she uses the company’s information system to closely monitor her sales representatives to make sure they are meeting the needs of customers. 2.How might the company’s culture of not buying into hype and not taking excessive risks affect its organizational structural design? Schwab’s conservative culture would foster a simple structure characterized by low departmentalization, wide spans of control, centralized authority, and little formalization. This structure fast, flexible, inexpensive to maintain and has clear lines of accountability. 3. What structural implications—good and bad—might Schwab’s intense focus on customer feedback have? Schwab’s focus on customer feedback would indicate a flexible structure that is able to adapt to meet customer demands.This structure would allow employees to spend more time and energy devoted to improving relationships with customers and possibly provide for exceptions to improve customer satisfaction. On the other hand, building strong customer relationships takes time and money. By paying so much attention to the customer there is the potential loss of efficiency that Schwab has to maintain to keep stock transactions low. 4. Do you think this arrangement would work for other types of organizations? Why or why not? This type of customer focus would not work well for firms that operate on a thin margin.For example, manufacturing firms that operate in the maturity phase of the industry life cycle focus on keeping production costs as low as possible. This arrangement may also not work well in situations where organizations are set up around processes. A New Kind of Structure 1. Describe and evaluate what Pfizer is doing. What Jordan Cohen has created at Pfizer is a network organizat ion. It’s a form of the boundaryless organization structure where company employees concentrate on the important aspects of the job, i. e. hose elements that are related to the company’s core competencies, and other tasks are outsourced to another organization. 2. What structural implications—good and bad—does this approach have? (Think in terms of the six organizational design elements. ) Have students break into groups and discuss how the advantages and disadvantages of using a network organizational structure from the perspective of: †¢ Work Specialization †¢ Departmentalization †¢ Chain Of Command †¢ Span Of Control †¢ Centralization And Decentralization †¢ Formalization Some groups may be assigned more than one design element.For more information on Pfizer’s new structure, go to the web 3. Do you think this arrangement would work for other types of organizations? Why or why not? The network organization design use d by Pfizer has helped to balance recent layoffs the company experienced after a nearly $4 billion yearly budget cut. According to managers in the Fast Company article, the OOF has cut some project costs by 100%. While this program has been a success for Pfizer, it may not be realistic for other companies that either (a) have not experienced such deep cuts in personnel, or (b) have such high personnel costs. . What role do you think organizational structure plays in an organization’s efficiency and effectiveness? Explain. Organizational structure plays a key role in enabling a company to function smoothly, to remain responsive to its internal and external stakeholders, and to adapt to changes in the marketplace. Innovation is facilitated by fewer layers of management, and students have already learned that the survival and success of a company is usually dependent upon its ability to function as a learning organization that promotes innovation.

My Favorite Childhood Memory

As time goes by, there was this event which happened during my childhood keeps grinding in my brain. The one thing which I favor the most was to watch cartoon all day long. My childhood was so much influenced by Disney cartoons. The little girl would always have the thoughts of breaking the TV glass and get into it to join them. Me as the youngest in the family would let myself to play in a place of my own creation with the characters present in the cartoon. My parents were aware of my craze towards the fantasy land and the characters. In a splendid summer, my parents took my other siblings and me to somewhere really far from our home. My siblings and I rushed to the windows of the car to get the best position to view the beauty of newly existed city in our life. It was magnificently beautiful to look at the tall buildings out of the car windows. The pain in the neck was greatly ignored over the breathtaking city as we were had to look up in the air. After the hours of journey, my daddy stopped off the car at our favorite restaurant which has a star on it. Carls Jr. was the place we always yearn for. We had queued at the washroom door to take turn—empting the over filled bladder. Now, all the eyes are helping the brain to glance through the menu board to decide the meal for the hungry stomach. Jr. Meal set was the most appetizing menu for little kids. As usual my lovely elder sister had educated me over my ill table manners since I munched while my mouth opened wide and dinned. Belching sounds were heard among the family members who marked the filled stomach. Before, we jump into the car, mom instructed her kids to drain out the urine as it takes another couple of hours before we hit the destination. Silence was observed in the car except the fine classical music played to help us rest the strained eyes. Snoring and drooling had been part of the journey to a veiled land. The sun shone straight to face forcing us to open the long closed eyes. Eyes were trying to keep focus on a figure standing against the sun. It was mommy, waiting for her kids to awake from their sleeps. On by one, leaped out of the car while blocked by mom and dad from viewing the surrounding. Daddy urged us to close our eyes. Next, we heard mommy saying â€Å"darlings, you may disclose your eyes†. While sun shines happily to us, we hardly could see the place hid over the sun shine. Yet, we identified a great gateway and a castle which always appears at the beginning of any Disney cartoon or movies. It was Disney Land. My siblings and I were jumped freely in the summer warm sky as we were surged with happiness and so much joy. The heart could hardly believe the eyes.